An elevated NLR level is a powerful and independent predictor of GDM. The results of this study suggested that inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of GDM.

We concluded that, although pregnant women, especially who gain excessive weight during their pregnancy, significantly snore more than nonpregnant women, this did not affect fetal outcome.

Objective: To assess the effects of gum chewing on postoperative bowel function after cesarean section. Material and Methods: Women who underwent cesarean section were randomized to either a gum-chewing group (n = 74) or a non-gum-chewing group (n = 76). The two groups were compared with respect to the return of bowel activity, postoperative analgesic and antiemetic drug requirement and postoperative hospital stay. Results: Bowel sounds appeared in a significantly shorter duration of time in the study group, the mean being 5.9 h as compared to 6.7 h in the control group (p < 0.01). The first passage of flatus postoperatively was 22.4 h in the gum-chewing group and 31 h in the control group (p < 0.001). The total length of hospital stay was shorter in the gum-chewing group (2.1 days) than in the control group (2.3 days), but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Postoperative analgesic requirement in both groups was similar, but the postoperative antiemetic need in the gum-chewing group was lower than in the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: On the basis of the tolerability and results on bowel function, gum chewing provides a simple method for early recovery of bowel function after cesarean section.

Objective:To investigate the level of oxidative stress in patients with dysmenorrhea by multiple serum markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrotyrosine (3-NT), deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Material and Methods:Fifty-eight women, aged between 20 and 34, who had had regular menses for at least six previous cycles, were involved. The women were divided into two groups. The study group consisted of 33 patients with primary dysmenorrhea, and the control group consisted of 25 healthy women.Results: Demographic characteristics of patients were similar between the two groups. The serum MDA levels were 1.32±0.46 and 0.91±0.26 nmol/mL for the dysmenorrhea and control groups, respectively (p<0.001). The differences in plasma levels of 3-NT, SOD and serum 8-OhdG were similar in both groups (p>0.05). Also, no correlation was found between the severity of dysmenorrhea and the levels of oxidative markers. Conclusion:

Hormonal changes during pregnancy may not affect corneal biomechanics. This may be due to the balanced effect of the various hormones on the cornea during pregnancy.