We introduce a rapid method to test the photocatalytic activity of singlet‐oxygen‐producing photosensitizers using a batch cell, a LED laser and a conventional potentiostat. The strategy is based on coupling of photo‐oxidation of hydroquinone and simultaneous electrochemical reduction of its oxidized form at a carbon electrode in an organic solvent (methanol). This scheme gives an immediate response and avoids complications related to long‐term experiments such as oxidative photo‐degradation of photosensitizers and singlet oxygen traps by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among the tested compounds, a fluoro‐substituted subphthalocyanine showed the highest photocurrent and singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) in comparison to phenoxy‐ and tert‐butyl‐substituted analogues, whereas the lowest photocurrents and yields were observed for aggregated and dimeric phthalocyanine complexes. The method is useful for fast screening of the photosensitizing activity and represents the first example of one‐pot coupling of electrochemical and photocatalytic reactions in organic media.
Dye-sensitized TiO2 has found many applications
for
dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), solar-to-chemical energy conversion,
water/air purification systems, and (electro)chemical sensors. We
report an electrochemical system for testing dye-sensitized materials
that can be utilized in photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors and energy
conversion. Unlike related systems, the reported system does not require
a direct electron transfer from semiconductors to electrodes. Rather,
it relies on electron shuttling by redox mediators. A range of model
photocatalytic materials were prepared using three different TiO2 materials (P25, P90, and PC500) and three sterically hindered
phthalocyanines (Pcs) with electron-rich tert-butyl
substituents (t-Bu4PcZn, t-Bu4PcAlCl, and t-Bu4PcH2). The materials were compared with previously developed TiO2 modified by electron-deficient, also sterically hindered
fluorinated phthalocyanine F64PcZn, a singlet oxygen (1O2) producer, as well as its metal-free derivative,
F64PcH2. The PEC activity depended on the redox
mediator, as well as the type of TiO2 and Pc. By comparing
the responses of one-electron shuttles, such as K4Fe(CN)4, and 1O2-reactive electron shuttles,
such as phenol, it is possible to reveal the action mechanism of the
supported photosensitizers, while the overall activity can be assessed
using hydroquinone. t-Bu4PcAlCl showed
significantly lower blank responses and higher specific responses
toward chlorophenols compared to t-Bu4PcZn due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the Al3+ metal center. The combination of reactivity insights and the need
for only microgram amounts of sensing materials renders the reported
system advantageous for practical applications.
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