No abstract

Our results are consistent with emmetropization being tuned to mid-spatial frequencies. They also imply that form deprivation is not a graded phenomenon.

33Promoting the penetration of distributed photovolataic systems (PV) at the end-34 user side is an important contribution to carbon reduction. This study aims to evaluate 35 the promotion impact of the level of smart consumers on the installation of distributed 36 PV using a non-cooperative game theoretical model, which can find the Nash 37 equilibrium of residential smart consumers with different levels of demand control 38 capability in a electricity power market with real-time pricing mechanism under 39 different installed PV capacities and battery capacities. As a case study, 5 levels of smart 40 control, 32 combinations of PV installed capacities and battery capacities were 41 analyzed and inter-compared using the developed model. The results show that: (i) the 42 consumers with higher smart control level are able to accept larger PV capacity because 43 the marginal revenue of new installed PV for smart consumers decreases much more 44 slowly compared to that of a common consumer; (ii) the smarter consumers need less 45 batteries to promote PV economic acceptability; (iii) the smarter consumers can meet 46 the electricity demand in real-time with least expenditure thanks to their advanced 47 demand-response capability, so they get more ultimate benefit from the games. 48 49 Game, Complementarity Model 51 7 price is usually set as exogenous. The consumers are price-takers rather than players in 131 the market, which means that the consumers' behavior has no impact on the electricity 132 price. The other type of model is the game theoretical model, for example the non-133 cooperative game models handling games among residential consumers equipped with 134 distributed electricity generators [18][19][20], Stackelberg game models dealing with games 135 between utility companies and smart end-users (such as residential smart homes) in 136 demand response programs [21], and market equilibrium models focusing on the whole 137

Purpose To investigate the role of higher order optical aberrations and thus retinal image degradation in the development of myopia, through the characterization of anisomyopia in human adults in terms of their optical and biometric characteristics. Methods The following data were collected from both eyes of fifteen young adult anisometropic myopes and sixteen isometropic myopes: subjective and objective refractive errors, corneal power and shape, monochromatic optical aberrations, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and best corrected visual acuity. Monochromatic aberrations were analyzed in terms of their higher order components, and further analyzed in terms of 31 optical quality metrics. Interocular differences for the two groups (anisomyopes vs. isomyopes) were compared and the relationship between measured ocular parameters and refractive errors also analyzed across all eyes. Results As expected, anisomyopes and isomyopes differed significantly in terms of interocular differences in vitreous chamber depth, axial length and refractive error. However, interocular differences in other optical properties showed no significant intergroup differences. Overall, higher myopia was associated with deeper anterior and vitreous chambers, higher astigmatism, more prolate corneas, and more positive spherical aberration. Other measured optical and biometric parameters were not significantly correlated with spherical refractive error, although some optical quality metrics and corneal astigmatism were significantly correlated with refractive astigmatism. Conclusions An optical cause for anisomyopia related to increased higher order aberrations is not supported by our data. Corneal shape changes and increased astigmatism in more myopic eyes may be a by-product of the increased anterior chamber growth in these eyes; likewise, the increased positive spherical aberration in more myopic eyes may be a product of myopic eye growth.

Young chicks that are still emmetropizing, show significant diurnal fluctuations in ocular dimensions and some optical aberrations, superimposed on overall increases in the former and developmental decreases in the latter, even when accommodation is prevented. The possibility that these diurnal fluctuations are used to decode the eye's refractive error status for emmetropization warrants investigation. That eyes undergoing ciliary nerve section have more higher-order aberrations but do not become myopic implies a threshold for retinal image degradation below which the emmetropization process is not affected.