© 2018 Agronomía Mesoamericana es desarrollada en la Universidad de Costa Rica y se encuentra licenciada con Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Costa Rica. Para más información escríbanos a pccmca@ucr.ac.cr ResumenLa producción sostenible de granos como el maíz es de prioridad nacional y mundial para salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria y el ambiente, los cuales están en controversia por encontrar un equilibrio, la productividad versus la contaminación generada. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de abonos orgánicos (AO) y la fertilización mineral convencional (FQ) sobre la eficiencia de uso del N en el cultivo de maíz. En el Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Atlántico (CURLA), Honduras, se sembró maíz variedad Tuxpeño, entre los meses de junio a diciembre del 2015. El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. En diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo se evaluaron en el suelo: N total, amonio, nitrato, temperatura, humedad volumétrica; en la planta se evaluó: N, rendimiento en grano seco y la eficiencia de uso de nutrientes para N se evaluó en términos de la eficiencia agronómica (EA), eficiencia fisiológica (EF) y eficiencia de recuperación (ER). La FQ y los AO generaron cambios relevantes en la dinámica del N en suelo y planta, la fertilización mineral promovió una mayor eficiencia de uso de nitrógeno en maíz, a través de los indicadores de la eficiencia agronómica, la eficiencia de recuperación y el rendimiento de grano.Palabras clave: Zea mays L., fertilidad del suelo, nutrición mineral, abonos organominerales. AbstractThe sustainable production of grains, such as corn, has a national and global priority in order to safeguard food security and the environment that have a controversy finding a balance between productivity and the generated pollution. This research evaluates the dynamics of N (nitrogen) in soil and plant. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects that the use of organic fertilizers (OF) and conventional mineral fertilization (CMF) can provoke on the efficiency of N use in corn crops. The maize cultivation happened at the Atlantic Coastal Regional Center University (CURLA), Honduras, and the Tuxpeño corn variety was planted between the months of June to December of 2015. The experimental design consisted on random complete blocks with five treatments and four repetitions. They evaluated different crop phonological stages, in soil they evaluated: total N, ammonium, nitrate, temperature, and volumetric moisture; and in the plant they evaluated: N, dry grain yield, efficiency of nutrient use for N in terms
The emission of nitrous oxide is considerable in livestock systems, influenced by nitrogen fertilization and edaphoclimatic conditions. The aim of the research was to measure the flux of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the soil under Urochloa brizantha with nitrogen fertilization. In the pastures, a randomized complete block design was established with four replicates and three treatments, consisting of 2 m2 plots with U. brizantha fertilized with urea, bokashi and without fertilizer application. The gas samples were collected over three months between the rainy and dry seasons using the static closed chamber methodology. The samples related to the soil and plants were taken at a depth of 15 cm under undisturbed conditions every month, to quantify: gravimetric moisture, ammonium, nitrate, total carbon, total nitrogen, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and plant dry matter (DM). The ANAVA registered a significant difference between treatments for N2O, with the application of urea promoting higher accumulated flows (0.37 mg N2O m-2 h-1), followed by bokashi (0.34 mg N2O m-2 h-1) and lastly by the control (0.27 mg N2O m-2 h-1). The daily emission of the gas fluctuated in the rainy season, when soil moisture promoted higher emission peaks compared to the dry season. The fractions of nitrogen, carbon and DM were not affected by the treatments. The use of urea and the anaerobic conditions of soil due to the rains generated higher N2O values, while the organic amendment, bokashi, was the best alternative for the greenhouse gas mitigation and soil conservation.
La productividad del rambután (Nephelium lappaceum L) está vinculada a su demanda nutricional, el conocer los momentos y lugares de mayor exigencia, le permite al productor mejorar la fertilización. Se evaluó la dinámica de microelementos esenciales y benéficos en diferentes edades y órganos del rambután. En el norte de Honduras, se estableció un experimento bajo un diseño completamente al azar con seis tratamientos (muestreo a los 2, 3, 4, 8, 10 y 17 años de establecido el cultivo) y tres repeticiones. En época de cosecha se procedió a recolectar hoja, rama, cáscara y semilla, para analizar las concentraciones de Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, B y Na. Los resultados muestran que la concentración de nutrientes difiere significativamente entre los órganos y edades de la planta, encontrando la mayor concentración de Mn, Fe y B en hojas, Zn y Cu se observó en semilla y Na en cáscara. La mayor concentración de los nutrientes en la planta (hoja + rama + cáscara + semilla) varió en el tiempo, acumulando más Fe, Zn y Na al inicio (3er y 4to año) de producción, para B fue en el cuarto y décimo año y, en el décimo año también se concentró más Mn y Cu. Además, el Mn (73 %) fue requerido en mayor cantidad, seguido de Fe (11 %), Na (6 %), B (5 %), Zn (3%) y Cu (2 %). Los nutrientes esenciales y benéficos variaron en los tejidos conforme a la edad de la planta, lo que permitió identificar cuáles elementos y en qué etapa y órgano vegetal tuvieron una mayor acumulación.
Calendula productivity depends on the nutritional demands of the crop. Knowledge of the nutritional requirements of calendula at its different phenological stages will allow the producer to improve fertilization programs. The objective of this research was to evaluate the content and distribution of essential micronutrients and beneficial elements in different organs and stages of development of calendula under field conditions. An experiment was set up in the municipality of Yumbo, in the Department of Valle del Cauca in Colombia, using a completely randomized design with five treatments related to the stage of development of the plants (2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 months after transplanting). Each treatment had three replicates. Leaves, stems, flowers and seeds were collected every month after transplanting to analyze the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, and Na. The concentration of nutrients differed significantly between organs and stages of development. Calendula accumulated nutrients in descending order (from highest to lowest) as follows: Na>Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu. The highest concentrations of Na, Mn, Zn, B and Cu were found in the leaves and of Fe in the flowers. Among the phenological stages, the highest values of Na were recorded in the second and sixth months, B and Fe in the fifth month, Cu and Zn in the third month, and Mn in the third and fifth months. Thus, the stages and organs on the plant with the greatest nutrient accumulation were identified.
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