The efficacy of preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy ( NAC ) in cases of pancreatic cancer with extremely poor prognoses has been reported. In this study, we aimed to identify novel biomarkers that reflect prognoses following chemoradiotherapy using tertiary lymphoid organs ( TLO ) expressed in the tumor microenvironment. Resected tumor specimens were obtained from 140 pancreatic cancer patients. We retrospectively investigated the clinical relevance of TLO by categorizing patients into those who underwent upfront surgery (surgery first [ SF ]) and those who received NAC. The immunological elements within TLO were analyzed by immunohistochemistry ( IHC ). In the IHC analysis, the proportions of CD 8+ T lymphocytes, PNA d+ high endothelial venules, CD 163+ macrophages and Ki‐67+ cells within the TLO were higher in the NAC group than in the SF group. In contrast, the proportion of programmed cell death‐1+ immunosuppressive lymphocytes within TLO was lower in the NAC group than in the SF group. The NAC group demonstrated favorable prognoses compared with the SF group. In the multivariate analysis, the TLO /tumor ratio was determined as an independent predictive prognostic factor. In conclusion, the administration of preoperative chemoradiotherapy may influence the immunological elements in the tumor microenvironment and result in favorable prognoses in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients.

Objectives Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has improved overall survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but its effects on immune gene signatures are unknown. Here, we examined the immune transcriptome after NAC for PDAC. Methods Resected tumor specimens were obtained from 140 patients with PDAC who received surgery first (n = 93) or NAC (n = 47). Six patients were randomly selected from each group, and RNA was extracted from tumor tissues. We compared 770 immune-related genes among the 2 groups using nCounterPanCancer Immune Profiling (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, Wash). Gene clusters were classified into 14 immune function groups based on gene ontology argolism by nSolver 4.0 software (NanoString Technologies), and corresponding immune cell function scores were compared. Results Eleven genes (LY86, SH2D1A, CD247, TIGIT, CR2, CD83, LAMP3, CXCR4, DUSP4, SELL, and IL2RA) were significantly downregulated in the NAC group. Gene expression analysis showed that the functions of regulatory T cells, B cells, and natural killer CD56 dim cells were significantly decreased in the NAC group. Conclusions Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may suppress regulatory T cells and B-cell function in the PDAC microenvironment. The 11 identified genes could be useful for predicting the efficacy of NAC and could be therapeutic targets for PDAC.

Background: Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare, but their incidence has increased in recent years. The metastasis rate is low in cases of a tumor diameter < 1 cm or depth of invasion lower than the submucosa; therefore, the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) and the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS) consensus guidelines recommend endoscopic resection. Since little has been reported on the long-term prognosis of endoscopic resection for rectal NEN, consensus is lacking regarding the follow-up period after endoscopic resection. Case presentation: Here, we report three cases of metachronous liver metastasis after long-term follow-up of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for rectal NEN. The pathological findings indicated a depth lower than the submucosa and complete radical resection in all cases and lymphovascular invasion in only one case. All three cases showed metachronous multiple liver metastases after 9-13 years of follow-up for EMR, despite achieving complete resection and without muscular invasion. Conclusions: Metachronous liver metastases may occur after long interval following endoscopic resection; thus, long-term follow-up is necessary after endoscopic resection for rectal NEN.

Introduction:The laparoscopic approach for elective femoral herniorrhaphy is well established. However, femoral hernias often present as incarcerations and require emergency repair surgery, mainly using the open approach. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the efficacy of the laparoscopic approach for incarcerated femoral hernias.Methods: Data of patients who underwent emergency surgery for incarcerated femoral hernia between April 2016 and August 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Laparoscopy was performed whenever possible; however, conversion to an open approach remained a fallback option for when laparoscopic repair was not possible. In laparoscopic repair, incarcerated femoral hernias reduced using traction, water pressure, and preperitoneal methods. Data of patients who underwent open repair and laparoscopy were then compared.Results: During the observation period, 20 patients underwent emergency surgery for incarcerated femoral hernia. Eleven patients subsequently underwent repair using a laparoscopic approach, and eight underwent repair using an open approach. Only one patient underwent intestinal resection without hernia repair due to perforated bowel. Operative time for laparoscopic repair was longer. Mesh repair was performed in 18 patients. Four patients each in the laparoscopic repair and open group required intestinal resection. Conclusion:Incarcerated femoral hernias can be safely repaired using the laparoscopic approach.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) are rare, but their incidence has increased in recent years. Curative surgery is recommended in several global guidelines for resectable PNENs. Lymph node recurrence after R0 resection for PNENs is infrequent, and global guidelines recommend surgical resection for recurrence, if resectable. However, data on the prognosis after surgical resection for nodal recurrence of PNENs are limited. We herein report two cases in which long-term survival was achieved after repetitive lymphadenectomy for nodal recurrence of PNENs. In both cases, the pathological findings for primary PNEN showed well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms and R0 resection was successfully performed. The Ki-67 index increased with each resection in both cases. Both patients showed long-term survival (10 and 14 years, respectively). Repetitive lymphadenectomy for nodal recurrence of PNENs may improve patient prognosis.