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The behavioral pattern of patients with frontotemporal dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic How the coronavirus 2019 pandemic affects patients with frontotemporal dementia?

Background/Aims: Existing cognitive measures for moderate-to-severe dementia have shown floor effects and an inability to assess the remaining cognitive function, especially for profound dementia. Methods: We constructed the Cognitive Test for Severe Dementia (CTSD), which consists of 13 items covering 7 cognitive domains, and examined its reliability and validity. Results: Cronbach's α in severe dementia participants was 0.896. Interrater and test-retest reliability were 0.961 and 0.969, respectively. The CTSD showed a significant correlation with 3 other measures of cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination, Severe Cognitive Impairment Rating Scale, and Hasegawa Dementia Scale-Revised: r values = 0.870-0.922, p values <0.001). While the other measures showed floor effects, the CTSD did not. Conclusion: The CTSD was able to sensitively capture the remaining cognitive function in severe dementia patients when compared with other cognitive tests.

CK7 + CHs occur relatively frequently in non-neoplastic liver disease, associated with centrilobular scarring and the presence of CK7-positive periportal hepatocytes, and appear to be a non-specific phenomenon with respect aetiology of underlying disease. CK7 + CHs may represent age-dependent activation of hepatic progenitor cells or a regenerative phenomenon of hepatocytes themselves, both of which might contribute to liver regeneration.