Role of Pili Protein 11 kDa of Streptococcus pneumoniae as Hemagglutinin and Adhesin Protein Streptococcus pneumoniae has pili which play roles in adhesion, colonization of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, and phagocytic inhibition of immune cells. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the 11 kDa pili protein as hemagglutinin and adhesin, as well as their immune responses. The 11 kDa pili protein from S. pneumoniae was isolated by SDS-PAGE, purified by electroelution and dialysis. Hemagglutination and adhesion tests were carried out on the protein, and western blotting of the polyclonal antibody immune responses were evaluated. Hemagglutination test showed that the 11 kDa pili protein played a role in the hemagglutination process up to 2-time dilution. Adhesion test showed there was a correlation between the dose of the protein and the bacteria attached to the epithelial cells. The Pearson correlation test showed a P value of 0.010 and a correlation coefficient of R = -90.919. Quadratic regression test produced R2 = 0.974. Western blotting test showed that 11 kDa pili protein polyclonal antibodies recognized 67 kDa and 11 kDa pili proteins. The study concluded that the 11 kDa S. pneumoniae pili protein acted as hemagglutinin and adhesin, and the polyclonal antibody protein responded to 67 pDa and 11 kDa BM pili proteins.Keywords: adhesin, hemagglutinin, pili, protein 11 kDa, Streptococcus pneumoniae ABSTRAKStreptococcus pneumoniae memiliki pili yang berperan dalam adhesi, kolonisasi sel epitel nasofaring, serta sebagai inhibitor fagositosis sel imun. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik protein pili 11 kDa sebagai hemagglutinin dan adhesin serta respons imunnya. Protein pili 11 kDa dari bakteri S. pneumoniae diisolasi secara SDS-PAGE, dipurifikasi dengan elektroelusi dan dialysis. Uji hemaglutinasi dan adhesi dilakukan pada protein tersebut, serta dievaluasi respon imun poliklonal antibodinya secara western blotting. Uji hemaglutinasi menunjukkan protein pili 11 kDa berperan dalam proses hemaglutinasi hingga pengenceran 2 kali. Uji adhesi menunjukkan korelasi antara dosis protein dan bakteri yang menempel pada sel epitel. Uji korelasi Pearson menunjukkan P value 0,010 dan koefisien korelasi R = -0,919. Uji regresi Quadratic menghasilkan R2 = 0,974. Uji Western blotting menunjukkan antibodi poliklonal protein pili 11 kDa mengenali protein pili 67 kDa dan 11 kDa. Penelitian ini berkesimpulan protein pili 11 kDa S. pneumoniae berperan sebagai hemaglutinin dan adhesin, serta antibodi poliklonal protein tersebut memberi respons terhadap protein pili BM 67 kDa dan 11 kDa.Â

Patients with esophageal cancer each year can reach 400,000 people. Inefficient screening methods and worsening symptoms, patients often come late. Squamous cell carcinoma, which is the cause of esophageal cancer, has percentage of 84% of all cancer incidences. So far, the current screening strategy is endoscopy with biopsy. This screening has the main side effect of bleeding in metaplastic area. Cellulose Sponge, the Detector of Esophageal Cancer (CaSPER), can be used for screening without a biopsy using a cellulose sponge. The method used in this mini review is an evidence-based method that focuses on evaluating pre-existing journals. The result is that CaSPER is able to provide strong cellular results of 98%, specificity of 100%, and sensitivity of 97%. Capsules made of glucose and cytosponge of cellulose will bring the metaplastic cells to the sponge. This screening is feasible, safe, comfortable, and without side effects. Using trefoil factor 3 as biomarker is able to distinguish between goblet and pseudogoblet cells. CaSPER is minimally invasive, cheaper, and easily accepted, so that in the future it is hoped that it can be mass produced, especially for areas with high esophageal cancer.