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Purpose: To investigate the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requir ing laser treatment in preterm infants born before a gestational age (GA) of 28 weeks. Methods: This was a singleinstitution retrospective casecontrol study of highrisk preterm infants (GA ≤28 weeks) with ROP who were, born between January 2008 and December 2016. Patients who underwent laser treatment for severe ROP were enrolled. Infants in the control group were matched to preterm infants with a similar GA and mild ROP who, did not require laser treatment. Various prenatal and postna tal risk factors were compared between the two groups. Results: One hundred and twentytwo infants were included in this study (61 cases and 61 controls). The average birth weight was similar between the two groups (895.2±172.9 g vs. 938.5±168.0 g, P=0.164). There was no significant difference in the dura tion of invasive ventilation; however, the duration of noninvasive mechanical ventilation was significantly longer in patients (with ROP) who underwent laser treat ment (P=0.036). The proportion of infants at a postnatal age of 28 days who were receiv ing oxygen treatment was significantly higher (60/61 [98.4%] vs. 51/61 [83.6%], P=0.004) in the severe ROP group. However, the rates of oxygen treatment for infants with a GA of 36 weeks were not significantly different (59%, for both groups). Other prematurityassociated morbidities were similar between the two groups. Conclusion: Altogether, a judicious reduction of oxygen therapy might reduce the inci dence of laser treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment through periodic oph thalmologic examination are necessary in preterm infants receiving oxygen treat ment at 28 days after birth.

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is extremely rare in neonates, especially in extremelylow-birth-weight infants, and most cases are secondary to conditions, such as ischemic or hemorrhagic brain damage. Here, we report a case of CDI in a 530-g infant born at 23 +3 weeks of gestation, with suspected ectopic posterior pituitary gland. Hypernatremia was noticed at 33 +6 weeks of postmenstrual age, and it persisted with in creased volumes of diluted urine, despite adequate sodium intake. Serum and urine osmolality returned to the normal range after administration of a desmopressin injection. The bright spot of the posterior pituitary was absent, and brain magnetic resonance imaging suggested an ectopic posterior pituitary gland. At the time of writing this manuscript, the patient was on oral desmopressin medication without complications at the corrected age of 8 months. Through this report, we emphasize that although CDI is extremely rare in premature infants, it should be suspected when hypernatremia and polyuria that are unexplained by other causes are noted.