Lignocellulose is a kind of renewable bioresource containing abundant polysaccharides, which can be used for biochemicals and biofuels production. However, the complex structure hinders the final efficiency of lignocellulosic biorefinery. This review comprehensively summarizes the hydrolases and typical microorganisms for lignocellulosic degradation. Moreover, the commonly used bioprocesses for lignocellulosic biorefinery are also discussed, including separated hydrolysis and fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and consolidated bioprocessing. Among these methods, construction of microbial co-culturing systems via consolidated bioprocessing is regarded as a potential strategy to efficiently produce biochemicals and biofuels, providing theoretical direction for constructing efficient and stable biorefinery process system in the future.

Whole genome sequencing of Riemerella anatipestifer isolate RCAD0122 revealed a chromosomally-located β-lactamases gene, bla RAA-1 , which encoded a novel class A extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), RAA-1. The RAA-1 shared ≤ 65% amino acid sequence identity with other characterized β-lactamases. The kinetic assay of native purified RAA-1 revealed ESBL-like hydrolysis activity. Furthermore, bla RAA-1 could be transferred to a homologous strain by natural transformation. However, the epidemiological study showed that the bla RAA-1 gene is not prevalent currently.

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Cell immobilization technology has shown much potential in the field of biological fermentation owing to its simple operation, maintenance of long‐term cell viability, repeatability, good stability, and high tolerance. Compared with free‐cell fermentation, immobilized cells show strong growth and metabolism performance in complex environments, such as environments with low pH, or with high concentrations of substrate and product. The metabolic properties of immobilized cells mainly depend on the carrier materials. In recent years, polymer membrane materials have attracted much attention because of their good mechanical properties and flexible support structure. In addition to improving the activity and stability of immobilized cells, biocompatibility modification can also be carried out on the surface of the carrier, which can reduce specific non‐biological interactions between the cells and the carrier. In this review, current advances in cell immobilization using different materials in the field of biological fermentation are reviewed. Perspectives on immobilized cells and the challenges associated with them in the field of biological fermentation are also addressed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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