Phosphorus (P) is a nutrient that is needed by plants. The availability of this element is greatly influenced by soil pH. As for ultisol soils classified as acid soils, most of the P in the soil is not available and is bound to Fe and Al. Pseudomonas, a phosphate solubilizing bacteria are soil microbes that can improve the availability of P in acid soils. This study aims to obtain Pseudomonas indigenous, a phosphate solubilizing bacteria from the acid soil formerly used by rubber plantations in the Institut Teknologi Sumatera. The study was conducted from April to June 2018 which included soil chemical analysis, isolation of the genus Pseudomonads on specific media, testing of phosphate solubility on solid Pikovskaya medium and simple pathogenicity test on potato tubers. The results showed that the sample soil was acidic with a pH of 4.09 with a P-availability of 0.78 ppm. From the soil samples, four potential isolates were obtained from the genus Pseudomonas, namely GSP 01, GSP 13, GSP 15 and GSP 06, with phosphate solubility indexes of 0.885, 0.639, 0.619 and 0.568, respectively. Isolates have the best phosphate solubilizing index on days 4 through 7. The four potential isolates are not pathogenic, so they can be used as isolates to improve the availability of soil nutrients, especially phosphorus needed by plants.Keywords: acid soil, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, phosphate availability, PseudomonasABSTRAKFosfor (P) merupakan unsur hara yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh tanaman. Ketersediaan unsur ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH tanah. Pada jenis tanah ultisol yang digolongkan sebagai tanah masam, sebagian besar dari P di tanah dalam bentuk yang tidak tersedia untuk diserap oleh tanaman dan berikatan dengan Fe dan Al. Pseudomonas pelarut fosfat merupakan mikroba tanah yang dapat memperbaiki ketersediaan P pada tanah masam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan Pseudomonas pelarut fosfat indigenous dari tanah masam bekas lahan perkebunan karet di kawasan Institut Teknologi Sumatera. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April sampai Juni 2018 yang meliputi analisis kimia tanah, isolasi bakteri genus Pseudomonads pada medium spesifik, uji kemampuan pelarutan fosfat pada medium Pikovskaya padat serta uji patogenitas sederhana pada umbi kentang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanah sampel bersifat masam dengan pH 4,09 dengan P tersedia sebesar 0,78 ppm. Dari sampel tanah diperoleh empat isolat potensial yang diperoleh merupakan genus Pseudomonas yaitu GSP 01, GSP 13, GSP 15 dan GSP 06, dengan indeks pelarutan fosfat berturut-turut sebesar 0,885, 0,639, 0,619 dan 0,568. Isolat memiliki indeks pelarutan fosfat terbaik pada hari ke-4 hingga hari ke-7. Keempat isolat potensial tidak bersifat patogen sehingga mampu dijadikan sebagai isolat yang dapat digunakan untuk memperbaiki ketersediaan unsur hara tanah terutama fosfor yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman.Kata kunci: bakteri pelarut fosfat, fosfat tersedia, Pseudomonas, tanah masam

In 2019, Indonesia seasoned another haze disaster due to peat fires. In the South Sumatra province, fires occurred in most of the peatland areas. The research aims to identify peat fires that occur in protected forest areas in The South Sumatra. The boundary of the protected forest area is obtained from the Forest Department of South Sumatra Province. Meanwhile, the fire events in the study area were analyzed by the hotspot distributions data during the dry season 2019 (Juni-November). The identification of fires (hotspot data) on the peat area uses peat distribution data from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The geographic information system technique with a spatial analysis method is used in this research. The identification results show that only a small part of the peatland in the study area has the status of protected forest areas. Most of the protected forests in the South Sumatra peat area burned in 2019. The results of this study indicate that the natural conditions of the peat ecosystem in protected forest areas have been degraded due to fire events. On the other hand, peat fires in protected forest areas indicate human activity for resource use and land use in the area.

The haze disaster in Indonesia is an anthropogenic disaster that recurs during the dry season. The current haze disaster is driven by a fire event that is divided into forest fires and peat fires. This study aim is identifying the fire events that have occurred in the South Sumatera region for the 1995-2019 period. The fire events that occur in the study area were analyzed using hotspot data during the observation period. Meanwhile, the peat distribution data is obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. To attain the research aim, the spatial analysis method using geographic information system technology was applied to the observation data. The results showed that the fire events in The South Sumatera were dominated by peat fires. During the observation period, approximately of all peat hydrological units in the study area experienced fires in varying intensity. Based on the result, until 2019 the fire events were recurring, especially in the peatlands of Sumatera. More precise and efficient needed to prevent and handle forest and land fires are needed.

Ultisol, which is acidic soil, is widely distributed in Indonesia, especially Sumatera Island. The characteristics of acidic ultisol make the presence of phosphate available in the soil deficient. This condition is caused by soil pH, which is very influential in phosphate availability in the soil. In acidic conditions, phosphate (P) binds to Fe or Al. Plants highly need the availability of phosphate in the soil. This condition is because phosphate is a nutrient that is needed by plants. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria are soil microbes that can improve P’s availability in acid soils by dissolving P that is bound to other metals. This study aims to obtain indigenous phosphate solubilizing bacteria from acid soils located in the Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA). The study was conducted from April to June 2019, which included isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from the soil, a test of the ability of phosphate dissolution on Pikovskaya medium, and pathogenicity test on potato tubers. The results showed that there were 35-74 x 105 cfu/g of soil samples. Seventeen isolates were obtained, which were able to use phosphate in the medium. Of the seventeen isolates, there were four potential isolates with the highest phosphate solubility index, namely EF.NAP 1 (1.2143), EF.NA3 (1,100), EF.NAP 4 (0.8616) and EF.NAP 9 (0.7188). Isolates have the best phosphate solubilizing index on the 6th day to the 7th day. The four potential isolates were not pathogenic in pathogenicity testing using potato tubers. These four isolates can be used to isolate candidates to improve the availability of phosphorus in the soil needed by plants in the ITERA region.

This time, many people in Indonesia, especially in Bandar Lampung, use coastal areas as a place to live and depend on their lives there. However, there are still many people who live in poverty and housing conditions that tend to be inadequate and have a bad enough environmental quality, making the settlement areas look so slum. If the coastal area is compared to other areas, it tends to be more prone to disasters due to the factor of low income communities being unable to carry out the recovery process independently. The purpose of this research is to formulate general zoning regulations in coastal areas of Bandar Lampung to reduce flood risk. The method of this research is map overlapping, quantitative descriptive analysis and formulating general zoning regulations. This research argues that general zoning regulation could be adopted to mitigate flood risk.