KONSENTRASI KLOROFIL DAUN SEBAGAI INDIKATOR KEKURANGAN AIR PADA TANAMAN Nio Song Ai1) dan Yunia Banyo1) 1)Program Studi Biologi FMIPA Universitas SamRatulangi Manado, 95115;email: nio_ai@yahoo.com ABSTRAK Kekurangan air mempengaruhi semua aspek pertumbuhan tanaman, yang meliputi proses fisiologi, biokimia, anatomi dan morfologi. Salah satu respons fisiologis tanaman terhadap kekurangan air adalah penurunan konsentrasi klorofil daun yang dapat disebabkan oleh pembentukan klorofil dihambat, penurunan enzim rubisco, dan terhambatnya penyerapan unsur hara, terutama nitrogen dan magnesium yang berperan penting dalam sintesis klorofil. Kandungan klorofil daun dapat dipakai sebagai indikator yang terpercaya untuk mengevaluasi ketidakseimbangan metabolisme antara fotosintesis dan hasil produksi pada saat kekurangan air. Kata kunci: cekaman, fotosintesis, respons fisiologi THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAF CHLOROPHYLL AS WATER-DEFICIT INDICATOR IN PLANTS ABSTRACT Water deficit influences all aspects of plant growth including physiological, biochemical, anatomical and morphological processes. One of plant physiological responses to water deficit is the decrease of leaf-chlorophyll concentration because the chlorophyll synthesis is inhibited, the rubisco enzyme was reduced and the absorption of nutrients, especially nitrogen and magnesium that are required for chlorophyll synthesis, was inhibited. The concentration of leaf chlorophyll is able to be used as reliable indicator for evaluating unbalanced metabolism between photosynthesis and plant production under water deficit. Keywords: stress, photosynthesis, physiological response
KONSENTRASI KLOROFIL DAUN PADI PADA SAAT KEKURANGAN AIR YANG DIINDUKSI DENGAN POLIETILEN GLIKOL ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai konsentrasi klorofil daun padi (Oryza sativa L.) kultivar Serayu dan IR 64 pada saat kekurangan air yang diinduksi dengan polietilen glikol (PEG). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan konsentrasi klorofil total, klorofil a dan klorofil b pada daun padi pada saat kekurangan air yang diinduksi dengan PEG 8000 dengan mengkultur tanaman padi pada medium dengan potensial air (PA) 0; -0,5 dan -1 MPa. Sampel helaian daun (lamina) untuk tiap perlakuan diambil sebanyak 1 g, dihaluskan dengan mortar dan pestel, lalu diekstraksi dengan alkohol 95% sampai semua klorofil terlarut. Ekstrak disaring dan supernatan ditampung dalam labu ukur 100 ml, lalu ditambahkan alkohol 95% sampai 100 ml. Konsentrasi klorofil diukur dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 649 dan 665 nm. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, tanaman padi kultivar Serayu dan IR 64 mulai mengalami kekeringan pada PEG dengan PA -0,5 MPa dengan ciri-ciri daun yang kering, menggulung dan batang yang berwarna kecoklatan. Perbedaan konsentrasi klorofil total, klorofil a, dan klorofil b pada daun padi kultivar Serayu dan IR 64 diamati pada PEG dengan PA 0; -0,5 dan -0,1 MPa. Kata kunci: konsentrasi klorofil, polietilen glikol (PEG), kekurangan air, padi kultivar Serayu dan IR 64 THE CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION IN RICE LEAVES UNDER POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL- INDUCED WATER DEFICIT ABSTRACT A research was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of total clorophyll, chlorophyll a and clorophyll b in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves under polyethylene-glycol-induced water deficit. The water deficit was induced by culturing the plants in medium containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 with water potential (PA) 0;-0,5; and -1 MPa for 2 days. Leaf lamina (1 g) was sampled from each treatment at day 0 and 2. Each sample was ground using porcelain mortar and pestle, and extracted with 95% ethanol until all chlorophyll was dissolved. The extract was filtered, the supernatant was collected in 100 ml flask and added with 95% ethanol until 100 ml. The chlorophyll concentration was measured using spechtrophotometer at 649 and 665 nm. The dry and rolled leaves and brown stems were observed in cultivar Serayu and IR 64 that were cultivated in media containing PEG with PA -0,5 and -1,0 MPa. The concentrations of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b in leaves of cultivar Serayu and IR 64 cultivated in media containing PEG with PA 0; -0,5 and -1,0 MPa were different. Keywords: chlorophyll concentration, polyethylene glycol (PEG), water deficit, Serayu and IR 64 rice cultivars
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on shoot growth and multiplication of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Two weeks-old in vitro shoots were irradiated gamma-ray, at doses of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 Gy. The control shoot was not irradiated. The irradiated shoots were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg.L-1 NAA and 0.3 mg.L-1 BA and incubated in a growth room for eight weeks at a temperature of 25±2°C. The results showed that the gamma irradiation inhibited the growth and multiplication of shoots. Explants irradiated with high-dose gamma-ray (45-75 Gy) had not formed shoot in four weeks of culture, while 58.3-83.3% of the explants without irradiation or irradiated at low doses 15 and 30 Gy formed shoots. The higher irradiation doses increased percentage of browning explants and reduced the percentage of forming shoots. Within the eight weeks of culture, explant without irradiation was able to form shoots at the percentage of 100% with 24 shoots per explant, while explants irradiated at 15-45 Gy were able to grow form shoots at the percentage of 77.7-95.5%. The high doses-irradiated explants (60 and 75 Gy) were only able to form shoots less than 13-20%, with 2-3 shoots per explant.
Polen dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi tumbuhan, karena memiliki karakter morfologi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis morfologi polen pada 10 famili tumbuhan berbunga. Analisis morfologi polen ini menggunakan metode asetolisis yaitu melisiskan dinding sel polen dengan asam asetat glasial dan asam sulfat pekat (H2SO4). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Liliaceae memiliki panjang aksis polar (P), diameter ekuator (E), dan indeks P/E tertinggi yaitu mencapai 66 µm, 40 µm dan 1.65. Semua famili memiliki unit polen yang sama yaitu monad. Punicaceae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Oxalidaceae, Apcynaceae, Sapindaceae, Acanthaceae, dan Rubiacea memiliki bentuk polen Subspheroidal, sedangkan Iridaceae dan Liliaceae memiliki bentuk polen prolat. Punicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Oxalidaceae, Sapindaceae, dan Acanthaceae memiliki ukuran Perminuta, Poaceae, Apcynaceae, Iridaceae, dan Rubiaceae memiliki ukuran Minuta-, sedangkan hanya Liliaceae yang memiliki ukuran magna. Punicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Sapindaceae, Iridaceae, Acanthaceae, dan Rubiaceae memiliki tipe apertura tricolporate, Poaceae dan Oxalidaceae memiliki tipe monocolpate, sedangkan Liliaceae tipe inaperturate. Semua famili memiliki skulptur tipe scarbat, kecuali Liliaceae yang memiliki tipe reticulate. Sepuluh famili tumbuhan berbunga pada penelitian ini memiliki karakter morfologi yang bervariasi, sehingga dapat dijadikan acuan dalam mengidentifikasi tumbuhan.
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