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The Integrated Community Energy System (ICES) has developed rapidly, but the reliability assessment models of ICES are somehow out of date. A new reliability assessment model for ICES is proposed incorporating electricity, gas and heat, considering dynamic process of thermal loads. First, the static model of ICES consisting of three subsystems is constructed based on the energy hub model. Then the inertial features of loads are incorporated in the reliability of ICES. Thereafter, a quasi‐sequential simulation based on a decomposed optimisation method is proposed to assess the reliability of ICES. Case studies are conducted on an ICES with four energy hubs to validate the performance of the presented model. Results show that the proposed reliability assessment model is more practical and the identified weak points of each subsystem have changed after utilising the new model.

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This paper compares the performance of unified power flow controllers (UPFCs), static var compensators (SVCs), and static compensators (STATCOMs) in commutation failure immunity (CFI) improvement of line-commutated converter-based high-voltage direct-current transmission (LCC-HVDC) systems. Theoretical analysis is presented to investigate the capacity requirements of SVCs, STATCOMs, and UPFCs to maintain the inverter-side ac voltage in the cases where three-phase faults occur on the receiving-end ac grids with different short-circuit ratio (SCR). Simulation studies were undertaken to validate the CFI improving performance achieved by UPFCs in comparison to SVCs and STATCOMs. Results of three-phase and single-phase fault tests manifest the superior CFI of LCC-HVDC systems having UPFCs installed. INDEX TERMS Commutation failure immunity, FACTS, LCC-HVDC, UPFC.