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The nano-SiC/Ni–P composite coatings (nSNCCs) were fabricated on the surface of Glass substrates with the assistance of different electromagnetic fields. Then, the deposition rates of the nSNCCs were calculated by the weighing method. Morphology, chemical composition and crystal structure were characterized by SEM, EDS and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Experimental results show that the nSNCCs are all built by the accretion of spherical co-deposition product of Ni solid solution and nano-SiC particulates. Moreover, at the same plating time, the deposition rates of the nSNCCs increase with the increasing magnetic strength, and reach the peak by 17.5[Formula: see text]g/h[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]. Meanwhile, the spherical particle size and the spaces between spherical co-deposition decrease, which result in the formation of the dense layers. The addition of magnetic fields in preparation process not only promotes the deposition of the nSNCCs, but also has a great influence on the orientation of the deposited products, which is favorable for the formation of a compact and uniform composite coating.

In this study, SiCp/Ni-P nano-composite coatings were fabricated on 45 steel substrates under ultrasonic excitation at temperatures from 85 °C to 45 °C. The micro-morphologies and compositions of the coatings were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersion Spectrum (EDS). The deposition rates of the different processes were then investigated using the polarization curve method, the weighing method, and the film thickness method. The effects of sonication on the coating process were also investigated. The results reveal that free energy decreased to 16.38 kJ/mol, which can be attributed to the positive effect of sonication on the reaction activity. Furthermore, the deposition rates of the composite plating decreased with the process temperature. Specifically, the deposition rates measured by the polarization curve method, weighing method, and film thickness method decreased from 0.625 mg/(cm 2 •h) to 0.116 mg/(cm 2 •h), from 3.9 mg/(cm 2 •h) to 1.6 mg/(cm 2 •h), and from 36.64 μm/h to 7.05 μm/h, respectively.

Fog formation occurs if the vapor pressure in the gas-phase is higher than the saturated vapor pressure and the bulk temperature is lower than its saturation temperature (supersaturated) for condensation in the presence of non-condensable gases. Generally, fogging is formation of entrained small droplets mixing in the vapor-gas stream, and the vapor condenses at the mist-flow and share-controlled flow regime. The phenomenon and mechanism of fogging need to be considered for determining condensation rate and separation of the condensate from vapor-gas phase for the down-stream process. The experimental study of shell-side condensation using steam mixing with non-condensable air was conducted in a shell-side horizontal baffled tube bundle. Experimental data has been obtained including visualization findings using high-speed photograph. The characteristics of fog formation related to the heat and mas transfer performance are analyzed based on experimental data and observation. The general equation for determining fog formation (degree of supersaturation) is evaluated with experimental data. Results confirm that the transition band of fogging formation is in the range of S = 1.0 to 1.75. This paper presents experimental data and visualization findings on fogging characteristics and heat transfer performance for condensation in the presence of non-condensable gas.