In 1989 ANTIQUITY published a special section of papers on the archaeology of the steppe zone, to notice the special role of that great sweep of land that links the northern fringes of early prehistoric agriculture in Europe and Asia. A new international team has now returned to Jeitun, the key early agricultural site in Turkmenistan, on the edge of the Kara Kum desert.
The mythological motif of the Cosmic Hunt is peculiar to Northern and Central Eurasia and for the Americas but seems to be absent in other parts of the globe. Two distinct Eurasian versions demonstrate North-American parallels at the level of minor details which could be explained only by particular historical links between corresponding traditions. The first version (three stars of the handle of the Big Dipper are hunters and the dipper itself is an animal; Alcor is a dog or a cooking pot) connects Siberian (especially Western Siberian) traditions with the North-American West (Salish, Chinook) and East (especially with the Iroquois). The second version (the Orion's Belt represents three deer, antelopes, mountain sheep or buffaloes; the hunter is Rigel or other star below the Orion's Belt; his arrow has pierced the game and is seen either as Betelgeuze or as the stars of Orion's Head) connects the South-Siberian -Central-Eurasian mythologies with traditions of North-American West -Southwest. Both variants unknown in Northeast Asia and in Alaska probably date to the time of initial settling of the New World. The circum-Arctic variant(s) (hunter or game are associated with Orion or the Pleiades) are represented by neighbouring traditions which form an almost continuous chain from the Lapps to the Polar Inuit. This version could be brought across the American Arctic with the spread of Tule Eskimo.
Макроистория и большие данные в Мифологии и фольклореАннотация. Миллионы опубликованных фольклорно-мифологических текстов содержат информацию о прошлом, сопоставимую по объему и значимости с материалами археологии и других исторических дисциплин. Сведения о прошлом содержатся не в самих текстах, а в мировом распределении выделенных мотивов, ареалы которых (около 3000) прослежены. Анализ этих данных не входит в задачу фольклористики. Речь идет об особой исторической дисциплине, не имеющей пока устойчивого обозначения. Исторический процесс обусловлен развитием идей и обменом информацией между сообществами. Статистическая обработка десятков тысяч эпизодов повествований и мифопоэтических образов позволяет оконтурить сферы коммуникации, относящиеся к разным эпохам и лишь частично совпадающие с распространением языковых семей, конфессий и империй. Для Евразии (с Северной Африкой) с помощью факторного анализа выделены три модели трансконтинентальных контактов. Это деление на восток и запад (космологические и этиологические мотивы; Кавказ и Средняя Азия близки Европе; время -не позже античности); на север и юг (сказка о животных, частично волшебная сказка; Восточная Европа сходна с Сибирью; на юге передача фольклора в том числе через письменные тексты; не позже середины I тыс. н. э.); противопоставление зоны влияния христианства зоне ислама и Великой степи; волшебная и бытовая сказка, анекдоты; позднее Средневековье -начало Нового времени).Ключевые слова: мифология и фольклор, большие данные в гуманитарных науках, стадиализм, Стит Томпсон, устные традиции как исторический источник, сферы коммуникации Благодарности. Работа выполнена по проекту РНФ 21-18-00232 «Мотивы и сюжеты древневосточных письменных памятников в сравнительно-исторической перспективе». Благодарю А. Г. Козинцева за критические замечания к тексту и Е. Н. Дувакина как соавтора Аналитического электронного каталога фольклора и мифологии мира. Более же всего я признателен Сергею Юрьевичу Неклюдову, написавшему весьма критический отзыв на первый вариант этой © Ю. Е. БЕРЕЗКИН 29 статьи. Критика, несомненно, пошла на пользу, хотя исправить все недостатки я, конечно, не мог.
Tales about the struggle between dwarfs and birds are widespread across Eurasia and the Americas. About half of them were known to Toivonen (1937), but a large part of the American and some of the Asian materials remained beyond the scope of his research. The southernmost Eurasian version is from Nagaland. The closest parallels are between Ancient Greek, Fennoscandian, Chinese, Lower Amur and North-American tales. In eastern South America (Upper Xingu) dwarfs at the edge of the earth are replaced with the souls of the dead in the sky. Among 35,000 texts included into the author's electronic database, about 100 Eurasian, North-and South-American cases are relevant to the theme. Several motifs, partially overlapped and variously combined, reflect a unique set of cosmological ideas. Creatures different from (normal) human beings who live in a distant land fight with non-human enemies (birds, crabs, hares, etc.); man readily helps these creatures because for him their enemies are not dangerous; birds attack man who comes to the other world; migratory birds fly from our world to another one; at the boundary, sky is constantly moving in respect to earth or the opening leading to other world is narrow, many birds perish; there is a person at the passage to other world who feeds on birds; mistress of birds lives on the other side of the moving obstacle. The spread of this complex across all the New World allows us to date the corresponding ideas to the time of the initial peopling of the Americas (about 14,000 BP). The complex had taken its final shape in Northern Eurasia. The existence of South American versions and the absence of parallels in Australia and most of South and Southeast Asia (African materials are still not processed) is evidence in favor of historic connections between all known cases. Ecological factors are not sufficient to explain their independent emergence.
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