No abstract

Pineapple is a commodity and economic fruit with a high market potential worldwide. Almost 60 % of the fresh pineapple, such as peels, pulp, crowns and leaves, are agricultural waste. It is noteworthy that the waste has a high concentration of crude fibre, proteins, ascorbic acid, sugars and moisture content. The pineapple waste utilisation in animal feed has recently drawn the attention of many investigators to enhance growth performance and concomitantly reduce environmental pollution. Its inclusion in animal feed varies according to the livestock, such as feed block, pelleted or directly used as a roughage source for ruminants. The pineapple waste is also fermented to enrich the nutrient content of poultry feed. To date, the inclusion of pineapple waste in animal feed is optimistic only not for livestock but also for farmed fish. Indeed, it is an ideal strategy to improve the feed supply to the farm. This paper aims to overview the source, nutritional composition, and application of pineapple waste in animal feed. The recent findings on its effect on animal growth performance, nutrition and disease control are discussed comprehensively and summarised. The review also covers its benefits, potential impacts on sustainable farming and future perspectives.

Bioaccumulation of toxic metals in marine gastropods, including spotted babylon snail may cause a serious treats to human via food chain. Therefore, the present study investigates the metal contents in the spotted babylon snail, Babylonia areolata based on two sample groups, which are the whole sample and sample without the digestive system using Inductively Coupled Plasma with Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentration pattern of the metals in sample with digestive system was As > Fe > Cu > Zn > Cd > Hg > Sn > Cr and As > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr > Hg for sample without digestive system. Overall, the concentrations of these heavy metals were lower in samples without digestive system. Meanwhile, lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) were not detected in both sample groups. Maximum permissible limits of toxic metals in food were compared and indicated that the heavy metals in B. areolata were within the safety levels except for As (sample with and without digestive system) and Cd (sample with digestive system). The exposure risk of heavy metals in B. areolata at the Kemasin coast, Kelantan is at a permissible level for the consumer provided that the digestive system is removed from the flesh.