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The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has advanced digital technology and the fastest interconnection, which creates opportunities to substantially grow industrial businesses today. Although IIoT provides promising opportunities for growth, the massive sensor IoT data collected are easily attacked by cyber criminals. Hence, IIoT requires different high security levels to protect the network. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is one of the crucial security solutions, which aims to detect the network’s abnormal behavior and monitor safe network traffic to avoid attacks. In particular, the effectiveness of the Machine Learning (ML)-based IDS approach to building a secure IDS application is attracting the security research community in both the general cyber network and the specific IIoT network. However, most available IIoT datasets contain multiclass output data with imbalanced distributions. This is the main reason for the reduction in the detection accuracy of attacks of the ML-based IDS model. This research proposes an IDS for IIoT imbalanced datasets by applying the eXtremely Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model to overcome this issue. Two modern IIoT imbalanced datasets were used to assess our proposed method’s effectiveness and robustness, X-IIoTDS and TON_IoT. The XGBoost model achieved excellent attack detection with F1 scores of 99.9% and 99.87% on the two datasets. This result demonstrated that the proposed approach improved the detection attack performance in imbalanced multiclass IIoT datasets and was superior to existing IDS frameworks.

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Many researchers challenge the possibility of using blockchain and smart contracts to disrupt the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture because of their security and decentralization guarantees. However, the state-of-the-art blockchain architecture is not scalable enough to satisfy the requirements of massive data traffics in the IoT environment. The main reason for this issue is one needs to choose the consensus trade-off between either coping with a high throughput or a high number of nodes. Consequently, this issue prevents the applicability of blockchain for IoT use cases. In this paper, we propose a scalable two-tiered hierarchical blockchain architecture for IoT. The first tier is a Core Engine, which is based on a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus to cope with a high throughput, that supervises the underlying subordinate engines (sub-engines) as its second tier. This second tier comprises of the Payment, Compute, and Storage Engine, respectively. We can deploy multiple instances of these sub-engines as many as we need and as local as possible near to the IoT domains, where IoT devices reside, to cope with a high number of nodes. Furthermore, to further extend the scalability of the proposed architecture, we also provide additional scalability features on the Core Engine such as request aggregation, request prioritization, as well as sub-engine parallelism. We implement all of our engines and expose them to IoT applications through the Engine APIs. With these APIs, developers can build and run IoT applications in our architecture. Our evaluation results show that our proposed features on the Core Engine can indeed enhance the overall performance of our architecture. Moreover, based on our proof-of-concept IoT car rental application, we also show that the interoperability between sub-engines through the Core Engine is possible, even when the particular sub-engine is under sub-engine parallelism.

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