No abstract

In the world, where human population exceeds 6 billion, industrialization process has been spreading in developing countries and it has caused a great increase in the amount of waste. Development levels of world countries are the significant impact to determine the amount and formation of solid wastes. The first legal regulations on the collection and evaluation of solid wastes in Turkey were entered into force in 1930. Turkey had 3140 municipalities in 2002. While 2977 (92%) of these municipalities were giving solid waste collection service, only 12 municipalities had disposal facilities according to the regulations. There were 12 regular storage and 4 composting facilities belonging to these municipalities. Basic policy in waste management in Turkey is the waste minimization, recycling and final disposal. In the case of pollution/contamination, authorities are responsible for taking required measures to prevent contamination and polluting individuals are obliged to stop pollution, take measures to reduce or eliminate its effects. This study presents a brief history of the legislative trends in Turkey for Municipality solid waste (MSW) management. In addition, submits the MSW responsibility and management structure along with the current production, composition, recycling, and treatment. The legislative system that will provide legal, administrative and technical guidance or a roadmap to the most important handicap projects of local governments which want to put their budget projects into practice isn't sufficient and effective in terms of institution. The directive on control of solid waste is crucially important for local administrations to implement urgently such infrastructure projects which are the most important actors to achieve the process of European Union (EU) accession process where legislative, administrative and technical frameworks have to be adherent to EU. Such an approach will be needed for Turkish people to live in a healthy environment and sustainable development in the country.

The most basic building block of solid waste management is to determine the amount of waste generated by individuals in a day. As it can be understood from here, the most important issue in solid waste management is individuals. Therefore, all kinds of waste management studies should be based on the individual. In our study, a questionnaire was applied to 1 263 people residing in Karaman. In addition, according to income levels, 5 pilot regions were determined and characterization studies were carried out in different time periods. Of the wastes generated as a result of characterization, 45.08% of kitchen wastes, 3.41% of park and garden wastes and 30.36% of recyclable wastes. Only 18.6% of the recyclable waste potential is collected with the existing system. Within the framework of the survey, the rate of those who collect recyclable waste separately is 21%. In addition, it is understood from the survey study that individuals do not know what type of waste is produced in their homes. In this framework, waste collection and evaluation suggestions were presented by determining the waste potentials with the characterization study and the individual attitudes with the survey study.

In this study, it was examined effects of climatic and topographic conditions, urbanization and transportation on air quality of Igdir which is the eastern province of Turkey and is an agricultural city. An important part of the city's settlements is on fertile farmland. Air pollutants arising from industry, settlements and transportation show the density on the city center mostly without transcending elevations which have bowl shape and are located around the city during the winter months. Air pollution during the winter months causes a dense fog over the city for weeks under the influence of inversion layer and is reaching significantly amount to effect on human health. Igdir province is located in the orange group (it may occur health implications for vulnerable groups) in terms of EPA air quality index. Also, it is much higher than 80 µg m-3 which is national limit value for PM10. In addition, the average wind speed of Igdir is 1.2 m s-1 and has not enough power to distribute polluted air.

Toplumlardaki tüketim alışkanlıklarının değişen teknoloji ve refah seviyesi beklentilerinin her geçen gün değişmesi ile birlikte artmaktadır. Bu teknolojik gelişmeler ve rahat yaşam beklentileri üretilen ürünü ve miktarını arttırmaktadır. Bu da doğal kaynakların tüketim hızını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Ayrıca tüketim sonucunda oluşan atıklarda çevre sağlığı ve doğal kaynaklar açısından sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu minvalde bakıldığında hem yeni ürün üretimi için doğal kaynak kullanımını azaltmak hem de tüketim sonucu oluşan atıkların çevresel etkilerini en aza indirmek için geri kazanım kaçınılmaz bir durumdur. Bu çalışmada Karaman'da oluşan kentsel katı atıkların kompost ve geri dönüşüm kapsamında değerlendirilme potansiyelleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, Karaman iline ait yıllık 68270 ton kentsel katı atık oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Bunun %45,08'ini mutfak atıkları, %3,41'ni park ve bahçe atıkları ve %30,36'sını da geri dönüşebilir atıklar oluşturmaktadır. Karaman genelinde lisanslı tesis tarafından toplanan ambalaj atık miktarı günlük ortalama 10380kg olup, oluşan katı atıkların %5,6'sına tekabül etmektedir. Toplanan ambalaj atığı miktarının geri dönüşebilir atık miktarına oranı ise %18,6'dır. Karaman ilinde 1000 L/hafta kapasiteye sahip 7 adet otomatik kompost makinesi mevcut olup kompostlaştırma işlemi aktif olarak yapılmamaktadır. Sonuç olarak Karaman ilinin geri kazanım potansiyeli ciddiye alınması gereken bir değere sahip olup sıfır atık ilkelerine uygun bir şekilde yönetilmesi gerekmektedir.