Background: IRS-1-associated proteins play roles in modulation of insulin-induced IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Results: A novel IRS-1-associated protein, GKAP42, is required to maintain availability of IRS-1 to the insulin receptor. TNF-␣ treatment suppressed the GKAP42 protein level. Conclusion: TNF-␣-induced insulin resistance is at least partially caused by GKAP42 protein level suppression. Significance: We identified a novel TNF-␣-induced pathway involved in insulin resistance.

The photo-Fenton process is intensified for degradation of carbofuran by using a tubular microreactor coiled around a florescent light. The microreactor attained 7.5 times faster degradation rate compared to a batch reactor operated under a LED light. At the initial Fe 2+ concentration of 0.25 mM, the degradation rates in the batch reactor were fast at first, subsequently became slow, and afterward gradually increased with time regardless of light intensity. In the microreactor, the degradation rates appeared to decrease similarly to the firstorder reaction despite the same initial Fe 2+ concentration. A proposed kinetic model well fitted the results of both batch and microreactors by modeling that Fe 3+ is photoreduced in a complex in equilibrium with Fe 3+ and intermediates with carboxyl group decomposed from carbofuran.

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