Delta‐like protein 3 ( DLL 3) is a ligand of Notch signaling, which mediates cell‐fate decisions and is tumor‐suppressive or oncogenic depending on the cellular context. Previous studies show that DLL 3 is highly expressed in small cell lung cancer ( SCLC ) but not in normal lung tissue, suggesting that DLL 3 might be associated with neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. However, its role in SCLC remains unclear. To investigate the role of DLL 3 in tumorigenesis in SCLC , we performed loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function assays using SCLC cell lines. In vitro analysis of cell migration and invasion by transwell assay showed that DLL 3 knockdown reduced migration and invasion of SCLC cells, whereas DLL 3 overexpression increased these activities. In addition, DLL 3 positively regulated SNAI 1 expression and knockdown of SNAI 1 attenuated the migration and invasion ability of SCLC cells. Moreover, upregulated DLL 3 expression induced subcutaneous tumor growth in mouse models. These results indicate that DLL 3 promoted tumor growth, migration and invasion in an SCLC model by modulating SNAI 1/Snail.

Because of its rarity, there is limited information about prognostic factors and efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with advanced thymic carcinoma. This is the largest data set for those patients treated with chemotherapy. This study suggests there is no significant difference in efficacy between carboplatin/paclitaxel and cisplatin/doxorubicin/vincristine/cyclophosphamide for advanced thymic carcinoma. This result can support the adequacy of the selection of platinum doublets as treatment for those patients, rather than anthracycline-based multidrug regimen.

No abstract

Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitors are broadly active against distinct types of cancer, including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Previous studies have addressed the effect of BET‐inhibiting drugs on the expression of oncogenes such as c‐Myc, but DNA damage repair pathways have also been reported to be involved in the efficacy of these drugs. AZD1775, an inhibitor of the G2‐M cell cycle checkpoint kinase WEE1, induces DNA damage by promoting premature mitotic entry. Thus, we hypothesized that BET inhibition would increase AZD1775‐induced cytotoxicity by impairing DNA damage repair. Here, we demonstrate that combined inhibition of BET and WEE1 synergistically suppresses NSCLC growth both in vitro and in vivo. Two BET inhibitors, JQ1 and AZD5153, increased and prolonged AZD1775‐induced DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) and concomitantly repressed genes related to nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), including XRCC4 and SHLD1. Furthermore, pharmaceutical inhibition of BET or knockdown of the BET protein BRD4 markedly diminished NHEJ activity, and the BET‐inhibitor treatment also repressed myelin transcription factor 1 (MYT1) expression and promoted mitotic entry with subsequent mitotic catastrophe when combined with WEE1 inhibition. Our findings reveal that BET proteins, predominantly BRD4, play an essential role in DSB repair through the NHEJ pathway, and further suggest that combined inhibition of BET and WEE1 could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

We evaluated the expression of proteasome subunits to assess whether the proteasome could be a therapeutic target in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells.Methods: Cisplatin-resistant (CR) variants were established from three non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549, H1299, and H1975) and two small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines (SBC3 and SBC5). The expression of proteasome subunits, the sensitivity to immunoproteasome inhibitors, and 20S proteasomal proteolytic activity were examined in the CR variants of the lung cancer cell lines.Results: All five CR cell lines highly expressed one or both of the immunoproteasome subunit genes, PSMB8 and PSMB9, while no clear trend was observed in the expression of constitutive proteasome subunits. The CR cells expressed significantly higher levels of PSMB8 and PSMB9 proteins as well. The CR variants of the H1299 and SBC3 cell lines were more sensitive to immunoproteasome inhibitors and had significantly more proteasomal proteolytic activity than their parental counterparts. Conclusions:The immunoproteasome may be an effective therapeutic target in a subset of CR lung cancers. Proteasomal proteolytic activity may be a predictive marker for the efficacy of immunoproteasome inhibitors in cisplatin-resistant SCLC and NSCLC.