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A strategy for one‐pot and large‐scale synthesis of functionalized core–shell nanowires (NWs) to high‐efficiently construct single nanowire electrodes is proposed. Based on the polymerization reaction between 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and noble metal cations, manifold noble metal nanoparticles‐polyEDOT (PEDOT) nanocomposites can be uniformly modified on the surface of any nonconductive NWs. This provides a facile and versatile approach to produce massive number of core–shell NWs with excellent conductivity, adjustable size, and well‐designed properties. Nanoelectrodes manufactured with such core–shell NWs exhibit excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical stability as well as favorable antifouling properties, which are demonstrated by in situ intracellular monitoring of biological molecules (nitric oxide) and unraveling its relevant unclear signaling pathway inside single living cells.

Background: Anthocyanins contribute to coloration and antioxidation effects in different plant tissues. MYB transcription factors have been demonstrated to be a key regulator for anthocyanin synthesis in many plants. However, little information was available about the MYB genes in the halophyte species Eutrema salsugineum. Result: Here we report the identification of an important anthocyanin biosynthesis regulator EsMYB90 from Eutrema salsugineum, which is a halophyte tolerant to multiple abiotic stresses. Our phylogenetic and localization analyses supported that EsMYB90 is an R2R3 type of MYB transcription factor. Ectopic expression of EsMYB90 in tobacco and Arabidopsis enhanced pigmentation and anthocyanin accumulation in various organs. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 42 genes upregulated by EsMYB90 in 35S:EsMYB90 tobacco transgenic plants are required for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, our qRT-PCR results showed that EsMYB90 promoted expression of early (PAL, CHS, and CHI) and late (DFR, ANS, and UFGT) anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in stems, leaves, and flowers of 35S:EsMYB90 tobacco transgenic plants. Conclusions: Our results indicated that EsMYB90 is a MYB transcription factor, which regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis genes to control anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our work provides a new tool to enhance anthocyanin production in various plants.

Mitochondria are the cell’s powerhouse, but also their suicidal weapon store. Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) release from...

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are generated by macrophages inside their phagolysosomes. This production is essential for phagocytosis of damaged cells and pathogens, i.e., protecting our organism and maintaining immune homeostasis. The ability to quantitatively and individually monitor the four primary ROS/RNS (ONOO -, H2O2, NO, and NO2 -) with sub-millisecond resolution is clearly warranted to elucidate the still unclear mechanisms of their rapid generation and to track their concentrations variations over time inside phagolysosomes, in particular, to document the origin of ROS/RNS homeostasis during phagocytosis. A novel nanowire electrode (NWE) has been specifically developed for this purpose. It consisted of wrapping a SiC NW with a mat of 3 nm platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) whose high electrocatalytic performances allow the characterization and individual measurements of each of the four primary ROS/RNS. This allowed for the first time a quantitative, selective and statistically robust determination of the individual amounts of ROS/RNS present in single dormant phagolysosomes. Additionally, the sub-millisecond resolution of the nanosensor allowed confirmation and measurement of the rapid ability of phagolysosomes to differentially mobilize their enzyme pools of NADPH oxidases (NOX) and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) to finely regulate their homeostasis. This reveals an essential key to immune responses and immunotherapies and rationalizes its biomolecular origin. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting InformationThe Supporting Information is available free of charge at http://pubs.acs.org.Experimental details and supplement data including characterization analysis, electrochemical measurements and cell experiments (PDF)