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This study aims to analyze the nonlinear relationship between environmental regulation and carbon emission efficiency and provide scientific reference for achieving the goal for carbon neutrality at a lower cost. Taking 30 provinces in China, using dual carbon policy as the research objects, the slacks-based measure–Malmquist–Luenberger (SBM–ML) index method was used to measure the carbon emission efficiency from 2009 to 2019 and a panel threshold regression model was established to explore the nonlinear effects of environmental regulation and carbon emission efficiency in each province. The results show that: (1) during the sample period, there is geographical variability in CEE, with the eastern coastal provinces having the highest CEE, followed by the central and western provinces, and the resource-dependent provinces having the lowest CEE and their energy consumption and utilization efficiency being significantly lower than other provinces; (2) when the energy consumption intensity is used as a threshold variable, the relationship between environmental regulation and carbon emission rate is an inverted “U” shape; and (3) when green technology innovation is used as a threshold variable, the relationship between environmental regulation and carbon emission rate is a “U” shape. This study provides a new perspective for improving carbon emission efficiency.

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Faced with both economic and environmental pressures, how to improve energy efficiency in a green way is gradually attracting attention. Reasonable environmental regulations can promote the green transformation of energy and improve green energy efficiency, which is of great practical significance for achieving global sustainable development. This paper measures the green energy efficiency of 30 Chinese provinces in 2019 based on the Super-SBM model, selects five representative antecedent conditions of three environmental regulation dimensions: command-and-control, market-incentive, and voluntary public, and uses fsQCA to explore the group effects and enhancement paths of different types of environmental regulations on green energy efficiency. The results found that (1) there are four green energy efficiency enhancement paths: government pressure type, market mobilization type, government-led public association type, and multiple subject type; (2) commandand-control type environmental regulations play an important role in enhancing green energy efficiency in most provinces; and (3) multiple subject type enhancement paths can achieve higher green energy efficiency. This study investigates the impact of environmental regulation on green energy efficiency in order to provide reference and reference for the improvement of green energy efficiency in China's provinces.