Inter-brain synchronization is enhanced when individuals perform rhythmic interpersonal coordination tasks, such as playing instruments in music ensembles. Experimentally, synchronization has been shown to correlate with the performance of joint tapping tasks. However, it is unclear whether inter-brain synchronization is related to the stability of interpersonal coordination represented as the standard deviation of relative phase (SDRP). In this study, we simultaneously recorded electroencephalograms of two paired individuals during anti-phase tapping in three interactive tapping conditions: slow (reference inter-tap interval [ITI]: 0.5 s), fast (reference ITI: 0.25 s), and free (preferred ITI), and pseudo tapping where each participant tapped according to the metronome sounds without interaction. We calculated the inter-brain synchronization between pairs of six regions of interest (ROI): frontal, central, left/right temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. During the fast tapping, the inter-brain synchronization significantly increased in multiple ROI pairs including temporoparietal junction in comparison to pseudo tapping. Synchronization between the central and left-temporal regions was positively correlated with SDRP in the theta in the fast condition. These results demonstrate that inter-brain synchronization occurs when task requirements are high and increases with the instability of the coordination.

Objective This study aimed to develop the Motivation in stroke patients for rehabilitation scale (MORE scale), following the Consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN). Method Study participants included rehabilitation professionals working at the convalescent rehabilitation hospital and stroke patients admitted to the hospital. The original MORE scale was developed from an item pool, which was created through discussions of nine rehabilitation professionals. After the content validity of the scale was verified using the Delphi method with 61 rehabilitation professionals and 22 stroke patients, the scale’s validity and reliability were examined for 201 stroke patients. The construct validity of the scale was investigated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item response theory analysis. Cronbach’s alpha confirmed its internal consistency. Regarding convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity, Spearman’s rho was calculated between the MORE scale and the Apathy Scale (AS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which rates the subjective feelings of motivation. Results Using the Delphi method, 17 items were incorporated into the MORE scale. According to EFA and CFA, a one-factor model was suggested. All MORE scale items demonstrated satisfactory item response, with item slopes ranging from 0.811 to 2.142, and item difficulty parameters ranging from -3.203 to 0.522. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.948. Regarding test-retest reliability, a moderate correlation was found between scores at the beginning and one month after hospitalization (rho = 0.612. p < 0.001). The MORE scale showed significant correlation with AS (rho = -0.536, p < 0.001), SDS (rho = -0.347, p < 0.001), and VAS (rho = 0.536, p < 0.001), confirming the convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity, respectively. Conclusions The MORE scale was verified as a valid and reliable scale for evaluating stroke patients’ motivation for rehabilitation.

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In this research to assess emotions from biometric signals, participants are asked to evaluate the emotions they subjectively experienced in order to confirm whether the assumed emotions were actually elicited. However, the evaluation of emotions is not routinely performed in daily life, and it is possible that this evaluation may alter biological signals. In fMRI studies, evaluation has been shown to activate the amygdala, which is said to be related to emotional expression. However, electroencephalography (EEG) studies do not take into consideration the effects of such evaluations, and it is unclear how these evaluations affect emotion-related brain activity observed in EEG. We hypothesized that emotion evaluations would amplify emotions and c alter Frontal Alpha Asymmetry (FAA), which has been shown to be related to emotional pleasantness and unpleasantness. We suspect this is because in order to evaluate one's emotions, one must pay attention to one's internal state, and this self-focused attention has been found to enhance the subjective emotional experience. We measured a 29-channel EEG when presented with unpleasant and highly arousing images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) from 40 healthy male and female participants. The results revealed that FAA was significantly lower in the condition in which participants rated their own emotions compared to the condition in which they did not. Similar to fMRI studies, this result indicates that emotion-related brain activity is amplified on an EEG. This paper provides a cautionary note regarding the use of such evaluations in EEG emotion estimation studies.