We give a representation of the volume preserving diffeomorphism of R p in terms of the noncommutative (p − 2)-branes whose kinetic term is described by the Hopf term. In the static gauge, the (p − 2)-brane can be described by the free fields and it suggests that the quantization of the algebra is possible.

We construct a quantum theory of free scalar field in 1 + 1 dimensions based on the deformed Heisenberg algebra [x,p] = i (1 + βp 2 ) where β is a deformation parameter. Both canonical and path integral formalism are employed. A higher dimensional extension is easily performed in the path integral formalism.

We investigate the origin of our four-dimensional space-time by considering dynamical aspects of the IIB matrix model using the improved mean field approximation. Previous works have focused on the specific choices of configurations as ansatz which preserve SO(d) rotational symmetry. In this report, an extended ansatz is proposed and examined up to a third-order approximation which includes both the SO(4) ansatz and the SO(7) ansatz in their respective limits. From the solutions of the self-consistency condition represented by the extrema of the free energy of the system, it is found that some of the solutions found in the SO(4) or SO(7) ansatz disappear in the extended ansatz. This implies that the extension of ansatz can be used to distinguish stable solutions from unstable solutions. It is also found that there is a non-trivial accumulation of extrema including the SO(4)-preserving solution, which may lead to the formation of a plateau.

We apply an improved Taylor expansion method, which is a variational scheme to the Ising model in two dimensions. This method enables us to evaluate the free energy and magnetization in strong coupling regions from the weak coupling expansion, even in the case of a phase transition. We determine the approximate value of the transition point using this scheme. In the presence of an external magnetic field, we find both stable and metastable physical states. * ) In Ref. 13) there appears a treatment of the application of the improved Taylor expansion method to the Ising model. Our arguments here extend and clarify the work given there. * ) One attempt to apply this method to non-abelian Yang-Mills theory can be found in Ref. 14).

We present a new scheme for extracting approximate values in "the improved perturbation method", which is a sort of resummation technique capable of evaluating a series outside the radius of convergence.We employ the distribution profile of the series that is weighted by nth-order derivatives with respect to the artificially introduced parameters. By those weightings the distribution becomes more sensitive to the "plateau" structure in which the consistency condition of the method is satisfied. The scheme works effectively even in such cases that the system involves many parameters. We also propose that this scheme has to be applied to each observable separately and be analyzed comprehensively.We apply this scheme to the analysis of the IIB matrix model by the improved perturbation method obtained up to eighth order of perturbation in the former works. We consider here the possibility of spontaneous breakdown of Lorentz symmetry, and evaluate the free energy and the anisotropy of space-time extent. In the present analysis, we find an SO(10)-symmetric vacuum besides the SO(4)-and SO(7)-symmetric vacua that have been observed. It is also found that there are two distinct SO(4)-symmetric vacua that have almost the same value of free energy but the extent of space-time is different. From the approximate values of free energy, we conclude that the SO(4)-symmetric vacua are most preferred among those three types of vacua.