Via evaluation of the Lyapunov exponent, we report the discovery of three prominent sets of phase space regimes of quasi-periodic orbits of charged particles trapped in a dipole magnetic field. Besides the low energy regime that has been studied extensively and covers more than ∼ 10% in each dimension of the phase space of trapped orbits, there are two sets of high energy regimes, the largest of which covers more than ∼ 4% in each dimension of the phase space of trapped orbits. Particles in these high energy orbits may be observed in space and be realized in plasma experiments on the Earth.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.