Polymer zwitterions are more promising cathode interlayers (CILs) for fused-ring electron acceptor (FREA)-based organic solar cells (OSCs) than amine-containing CILs and polyelectrolytes. However, they usually suffer from high synthetic cost and low electron mobilities. Herein, we present a novel strategy that combines the n-type doping effect with polymer zwitterions to develop a new nonconjugated self-doped polymer zwitterion (s-PZ), namely, PDI-M-DAN. PDI-M-DAN is afforded via cost-effective transition-metal-free polymerization and exhibits 200-fold higher electron mobility than the nondoped reference, thus making it an efficient and thickness-insensitive CIL for FREAbased OSCs. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 17% for interlayer thicknesses ranging from 12 to 30 nm with a maximum PCE of 17.82% are realized in D18:Y6-based OSCs. An impressive PCE and fill factor (FF) of 17.56 and 78.03% are also realized in PM6:Y6-based OSCs; both values are among the best ones in PM6:Y6-based binary OSCs. The effectiveness of our strategy in generating efficient CILs is evidenced by two other s-PZs, namely, PDI-N-DAN and NDI-M-DAN. Using PDI-N-DAN and NDI-M-DAN as the CILs, we obtained PCE values of 18.17 and 17.60% in D18:Y6-based OSCs, respectively. The PCE of 18.17% is among the highest for single-junction binary OSCs.

Background Previous studies have shown that insomnia affects human prefrontal function and that there are specific patterns of brain activation to counteract sleep and improve cognition. However, the effects of insomnia on the prefrontal cortex of MDD (major depressive disorder) patients and the patterns of activation to counteract sleep in MDD patients remain unclear. The aim of this study is to examine this using fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy). Methods Eighty depressed patients and 44 healthy controls were recruited for this study. fNIRS was used to assess changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb]) in the prefrontal cortex of all participants during the VFT (verbal fluency test) and to record the number of words created to assess cognitive ability. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (24-item) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (14-item) were used to assess the severity of depression and anxiety. Results When comparing patients, the healthy control group had significantly higher [oxy-Hb] values in the bilateral prefrontal cortex during VFT than the MDD group. In the MDD group, the [oxy-Hb] values in all brain regions except the right DLPFC were significantly higher in the group with insomnia than in the group without insomnia, but their VFT performance was significantly lower than in the group without insomnia and the healthy group. PSQI scores were positively correlated with [oxy-Hb] values in some left-brain regions, whereas HAMD and HAMA scores were not correlated with [oxy-Hb] values. Conclusion The PFC was significantly less active during VFT in those with MDD than in healthy controls. All brain regions, except the right DLPFC, were significantly more active in MDD patients with insomnia than in those without insomnia, suggesting that sleep quality needs to be an important indicator in fNIRS screening. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the severity of insomnia in the left VLPFC and the level of activation, suggesting a role for the left brain region in the neurophysiology of overcoming sleepiness in MDD patients. these findings may provide new ideas for the treatment of MDD patients in the future. Trial registration Our experiment was registered in the China Clinical Trial Registry (registration number ChiCTR2200065622) on November 10.( The first patient was recruited in 10/11/2022.)

Background: Previous studies have shown that insomnia affects human prefrontal function and that there are specific patterns of brain activation to counteract sleep and improve cognition; however, the effects of insomnia on the prefrontal cortex of MMD patients and the patterns of activation to counteract sleep in MMD patients remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine it using functional near infrared spectroscopy. Methods: Eighty depressed patients and 44 healthy controls were recruited in this study.fNIRS was used to assess the changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin([oxy-Hb])in the prefrontal cortex of all Participants during a verbal fluency task(VFT) and record the number of words created to assess cognitive ability. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index assessed the sleeping quality. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 24 item and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety 14 item were used to assess the Severity of depression and anxiety. Results: Comparing patients, the healthy control group had significantly higher [oxy-Hb] values in the bilateral prefrontal cortex during VFT than the MMD group. In the MMD group, the [oxy-Hb] values in all brain regions except the right DLPFC were significantly lower in the group without insomnia than in the group with insomnia， their VFT performance was significantly lower than in the group without insomnia and the healthy group. PSQI scores were positively correlated with [oxy-Hb] values in some left-brain regions, whereas HAMD and HAMA scores were not correlated with [oxy-Hb] values. Conslusion: The PFC brain region was significantly less active during VFT in those with MDD than in healthy controls. All brain regions, except the right DLPFC, were significantly more active in MMD patients with insomnia than in those without insomnia, suggesting that sleep quality needs to be an important indicator in fNIRS screening. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the severity of insomnia in the left VLPFC and the level of activation, suggesting a role for the left brain region in the neurophysiology of overcoming sleepiness in MMD patients; these findings may provide new ideas for the treatment of MMD patients in the future. Trial registration: Our experiment was registered in the China Clinical Trial Registry (registration number ChiCTR2200065622) on November 10.( The first patient was recruited in 10/11/2022.)