The mixture of copper(ii) perchlorate and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mildly and specifically oxidized 5-hydroxymethylcytosine to yield 5-formylcytosine because of its allyl alcohol specificity. The genomic DNA oxidized at 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the copper(ii)/TEMPO oxidation was efficiently analyzed using various practical methods: DNA cleavage by piperidine, specific functionalization by hydrazone formation, and genome-wide high-resolution microarray.

Self-assembly properties and diversity in higher-order structures of DNA enable programmable tools to be used to construct algorithms at the molecular level. However, the utility of DNA-based programmable tools is hampered by the low orthogonality to natural nucleic acids, especially in complex molecular systems. To address this challenge, we report here the orthogonal regulation of DNA self-assembly by using an unnatural base pair (UBP) formation. Our newly designed UBP An N :Sy N is formed in combination with anti and unusual syn glycosidic conformation with high thermal stability and selectivity. Furthermore, An C worked as a pH-sensitive artificial nucleobase, which forms a strong base pair with cytosine under a weak acidic condition (pH 6.0). The orthogonal An N :Sy N base pair functioned as a trigger for hybridization chain reaction to provide long nicked double-stranded DNA (ca. 1000 base pairs). This work represents the first example of the orthogonal DNA self-assembly that is nonreactive to natural four-letter alphabets DNA trigger and expands the types of programmable tools that work in a complex environment.