Redox potential is of key importance in the control and regulation of cellular function and lifecycle, and previous approaches to measuring the biological redox potential noninvasively in real time are limited to areas of hypoxia or normoxia. In this paper, we extend our previous work on nanoparticle-based intracellular nanosensors to cover a much wider redox potential range of -470 to +130 mV vs NHE, which includes the redox potential range occupied by cells in a state of oxidative stress. The nanosensors are rationally designed to target different areas of this redox potential range and are monitored by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which will permit noninvasive real-time imaging of cells undergoing oxidative stress.
We measured the pulse waves of 196 mentally ill patients and 113 healthy students. Using heartbeat changes, we calculated the values of their sympathetic nerves, parasympathetic nerves, and autonomic nerve balance. In addition, we calculated the largest Lyapunov exponents (LLE) by non-linear analysis of plethysmograms. Values were analyzed by group. The results revealed a significant relationship between LLE and the autonomic nerve balance. The sympathetic nerve values in the patient group were significantly higher than those in the student group, whereas the LLE values were significantly lower. Furthermore, we illustrated the dynamic change in the results for single participants over several testing times. The measurement of pulse waves is easy and economical and does not put a strain on the subject. Additionally, these values can provide information that is more accurate than medical examination obtained from an interview. Our study contributed to the existing methodology in this field, and future data collection and measurement will be carried out. We hope that our study will be useful for neurologists and psychotherapists in their detection and treatment of mental illness.
Light–emitting diodes (LEDs) based on all–inorganic lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have undergone rapid development especially in the past five years, and external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of the corresponding green– and red–emitting devices have exceeded 23%. However, the blue–emitting devices are facing greater challenges than their counterparts, and their poor luminous efficiency has hindered the display application of PQD–based LEDs (PeQLEDs). This review focuses on the key challenges of blue–emitting PeQLEDs including low EQEs, short operating lifetime, and spectral instability, and discusses the essential mechanism by referring to the latest research. We then systematically summarize the development of preparation methods of blue emission PQDs, as well as the current strategies on alleviating the poor device performance involved in composition engineering, ligand engineering, surface/interface engineering, and device structural engineering. Ultimately, suggestions and outlooks are proposed around the major challenges and future research direction of blue PeQLEDs.
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