The main objective of this study is to develop a theoretical tool to analyze humorelements in Japanese comic (manga). The authors narrow the definition of “tool” as atheoretical framework that can be used in an inductive research. Developing this tool isof importance since evaluating the quality of humor in comic is difficult and subjective,due to the inclusion of humor as a cognitive and cultural product (Hurley et al, 2011).The authors strongly emphasize that this study was a theoretical review one. Weaimed to develop a theoretical foundation pertaining to semiotic analysis in humorousmanga products. To achieve the aim, we applied qualitative content analysis to buildthe foundation inductively. The authors identify that in order to analyze humor inmanga, Berger’s theory of humor techniques (1976, 1993) can be utilized to explorecomical effect in manga. Furthermore, Wilson and Sperber’s framework (2004) canalso be used to evaluate the context of situation pictured in manga. The former theoryis imperative since it highlights the function of drawing representation to buildhumorous atmosphere, while the latter functions to decode the meaning and purposeof humor created by manga creators. To conclude, a theoretical contribution can bewithdrawn from the discussion in this study. However, to really measure Japanese’scognitive and cultural values of humor expression, further application of this analysistool needs to be established in a wider and more comprehensive set of data.

ABSTRACT Portrait Photography is a representation of similarity in the form of two-dimensional human fi- gure. Portrait photography gives a personal good indication of the owner’s portrait, portrait subjects and photographers. Personality photographic work representing one’s personal character. This study aims to explain the problems of cultural studies in the discourse on photography portrait personality. This research method using literature review of the literature both books, journal articles and research reports, especially portrait photography in cultural studies. The study provides an overview of cul- tural studies on four issues for portrait photography: first, photography as a representation. Portrait is where negotiations between the photographer with the subject of self-representation (model). Se- cond, diaspora photographers. Photographers Indonesian Chinese (Peranakan) as cultural brokers in the post-colonial period. The difference between the Peranakan culture and totok also distinguished in the profession of social groups in studio photography. Third, the identity of the portrait. Family’s photo album as a way structured ourselves, and cultural identities through ritual memory. Fourth, photography as a medium of cultural domination. Photography is a meaning synthesis of subject and object photos. Keywords: cultural studies, portrait photography, personality, discourse  ABSTRAK Fotografi potrait merupakan representasi kemiripan figur manusia dalam bentuk dwimatra. Fotografi potrait memberikan indikasi personal baik pada pemilik potrait, sub- jek potrait maupun fotografer. Personalitas karya fotografi yang mewakili pribadi bahkan karakter seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan permasalahan kajian buda- ya pada fotografi potrait dalam wacana personalitas. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kajian pustaka dari berbagai literatur baik buku, artikel jurnal dan laporan pene- litian fotografi khususnya potrait dalam kajian budaya. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan gambaran empat permasalahan kajian budaya pada fotografi potrait yaitu pertama, foto- grafi sebagai representasi. Potrait merupakan tempat negosiasi antara fotografer dengan representasi-diri subjek (model). Kedua, diaspora fotografer. Fotografer China Indonesia (peranakan) sebagai broker budaya di masa poskolonial. Perbedaan budaya antara per- anakan dan totok dibedakan juga dalam kelompok sosial profesi dalam studio fotografi. Ketiga, identitas dalam potrait. Album foto keluarga sebagai sebuah cara untuk menstruk- turisasi diri, identitas dan budaya melalui ritual ingatan. Keempat, fotografi sebagai me- dia dominasi budaya. Fotografi adalah sintesis pemaknaan dua subjek yang-memotret dan yang-memandang. Kata kunci: kajian budaya, fotografi potrait, personalitas, wacana

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi derasnya kunjungan wisatawan dari Malaysia ke Bandung, Indonesia, untuk berwisata belanja di Pasar Baru, Bandung. Kunjungan wisata belanja itu selain berdampak pada ekonomi juga berdampak pada bahasa yang digunakan penjual kepada pembeli ketika bertransaksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mendeskripsikan bentuk alih kode dan campur kode antara bahasa Melayu Malaysia dan bahasa Indonesia dalam situasi transaksi di Pasar Baru, Bandung, dan (2) mendeskripsikan latar belakang fenomena itu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) alih kode terjadi pada tataran kalimat dan campur kode berlaku pada tataran kata bahasa Melayu Malaysia ke dalam bahasa Indonesia; (2) pada umumnya alih kode dan campur kode yang terjadi dilatarbelakangi motif ekonomi, yaitu penjual mengubah gaya bahasanya menjadi bahasa Melayu Malaysia agar barang dagangannya dibeli oleh para wisatawan Malaysia.

Kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi manusia mencakup seluruh bidang kehidupan termasuk ilmu pengetahuan antara lain terkait sejarah peradaban manusia; bagaimana manusia mempertahankan hidupnya, bagaimana manusia memperlakukan alam, bagaimana alam menyediakan segala kebutuhan manusia. Apa yang dilakukan manusia saat ini, saat lampau, dan apa yang dilakukan manusia jauh di masa prasejarah, bagaimana kondisi alam di masa-masa tersebut, apa perubahan dan perkembangannya, dapat didokumentasikan melalui bahasa, divisualisasikan kembali, lalu dipajang sebagai salah satu upaya konversai dan preservasi dalam satu institusi yang disebut museum. Penelitian ini membahas kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa dalam permuseuman. Bagaimana kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa dalam permuseuman baik dalam informasi yang disampaikan oleh pemandu wisata museumnya maupun yang terpajang menyertai benda-benda dan gambar-gambar merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah gabungan antara metode lapangan dan metode literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum kedudukan bahasa Indonesia berada pada urutan pertama setelah Bahasa Inggris dan keberadaan kedua bahasa dalam permuseuman ini melibatkan dua fungsi utama bahasa, yakni fungsi komunikatif dan fungsi informatif.The existence and function of language  as a medium of communication covers all fields of human life including knowledge, one of them is the history of human civilization; how humans survived, how human utilized nature for their lives, and how nature provides all the necessities for humans. What humans have been doing now, what they have done in the past and far before that in the pre-history time, how the conditions of the nature at those times were and what changes as well as progresses occurred are documented using language, then re-visualized,  displayed as one of conservation and preservation acts in an institution called museum. This research discusess the existence and function of language in museums. How important the existence of a language in museums and what language functions used in museums both in informations given by the museum guides and on the displays accompanying objects and pictures are the aims of this research. The methods used are the combination between field research and library research. The results show that generally the existence of Indonesian language plays more important role than English and both languages have two main functions; communicative function and informative function.

Transformational Generative Phonology is a phonological theory that treats the distinguishing feature as the smallest unit and connects the distinguishing features and lexicons with phonological rules. This research has been conducted by several previous researchers, but study regarding the object in the Covid-19 pandemic is still limited. The purpose of this study was to explain the phonological process and phonological rules of foreign loan words into Japanese using transformational generative phonological approach. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Sources of the data were obtained from vocabularies or terms that appeared during the Covid-19 period. The results of this study indicated that there were six phonological rules which include, 1) the addition of the phoneme [u] at the end of words; 2) the addition of the phoneme [o] at the end of the word; 3) Addition of phoneme [u] in the middle of the word, 4) Addition of phoneme [o] in the middle of the word; 5) Addition of phoneme [k] at the end of the word, and; 6) Substitution of phoneme [l] to [r]. So that the implementation of this research was to create a rule to make it easier for foreign learners of Japanese to understand the sound changes that occur in Japanese lingual units.