We report a source of free electron pulses based on a field emission tip irradiated by a low-power femtosecond laser. The electron pulses are shorter than 70 fs and originate from a tip with an emission area diameter down to 2 nm. Depending on the operating regime we observe either photofield emission or optical field emission with up to 200 electrons per pulse at a repetition rate of 1 GHz. This pulsed electron emitter, triggered by a femtosecond oscillator, could serve as an efficient source for time-resolved electron interferometry, for time-resolved nanometric imaging and for synchrotrons.

We study the emergence of collective scattering in the presence of dipole-dipole interactions when we illuminate a cold cloud of rubidium atoms with a near-resonant and weak intensity laser. The size of the atomic sample is comparable to the wavelength of light. When we gradually increase the number of atoms from 1 to ∼450, we observe a broadening of the line, a small redshift and, consistently with these, a strong suppression of the scattered light with respect to the noninteracting atom case. We compare our data to numerical simulations of the optical response, which include the internal level structure of the atoms. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.133602 PACS numbers: 42.50.Ct, 03.65.Nk, 32.80.Qk, 42.50.Nn When resonant emitters, such as atoms, molecules, quantum dots, or metamaterial circuits, with a transition at a wavelength λ, are confined inside a volume smaller than λ 3 , they are coupled via strong dipole-dipole interactions. In this situation, the response of the ensemble to near-resonant light is collective and originates from the excitation of collective eigenstates of the system, such as super-and subradiant modes [1][2][3]. Dipole-dipole interactions affect the response of the system and the collective scattering of near-resonant light differs from the case of an assembly of noninteracting emitters [4]. It has even been predicted to be suppressed for a dense gas of cold twolevel atoms [5].Following the recent measurement of the collective Lamb shift [6] in a Fe layer [7], in a hot thermal vapor [8], and in arrays of trapped ions [9], it was pointed out [10] that the collective response of interacting emitters is different between ensembles exhibiting inhomogeneous broadening, such as solid state systems or thermal vapors, and those free of it, such as cold-atom clouds. In particular, inhomogeneous broadening suppresses the correlations induced by the interactions between dipoles, leading to the textbook theory of the optical response of continuous media [10,11]. In the absence of broadening, however, this theory fails and should be revisited to include the lightinduced correlations [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Several recent experiments aiming at studying collective scattering with identical emitters used large and optically thick ensembles of cold atoms [20][21][22][23]. However, the case of a cold-atom ensemble with a size comparable to the optical wavelength has not been studied experimentally, nor has the transition between the well-understood case of scattering by an individual atom [24] to collective scattering. In particular, the suppression of light scattering when the number of atoms increases in a regime of collective scattering has never been directly observed.Here, we study-both experimentally and theoreticallythe emergence of collective effects in the optical response of a cold-atom sample due to dipole-dipole interactions, as we gradually increase the number of atoms. To do so, we send low-intensity near-resonant laser light onto a cloud containing from 1 to ∼450 cold 87 Rb ato...