Stormwater runoff infiltration brings about some concerns regarding its potential impact on both soil and groundwater quality; besides, the fate of contaminants in source-control devices somewhat suffers from a lack of documentation. The present study was dedicated to assessing the spatial distribution of three heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc) in the surface soil of ten small-scale infiltration facilities, along with several physical parameters (soil moisture, volatile matter, variable thickness of the upper horizon). High-resolution samplings and in-situ measurements were undertaken, followed by X-ray fluorescence analyses and spatial interpolation. Highest metal accumulation was found in a relatively narrow area near the water inflow zone, from which concentrations markedly decreased with increasing distance. Maximum enrichment ratios amounted to >20 in the most contaminated sites. Heavy metal patterns give a time-integrated vision of the non-uniform infiltration fluxes, sedimentation processes and surface flow pathways within the devices. This element indicates that the lateral extent of contamination is mainly controlled by hydraulics. The evidenced spatial structure of soil concentrations restricts the area where remediation measures would be necessary in these systems, and suggests possible optimization of their hydraulic functioning towards an easier maintenance. Heterogeneous upper boundary conditions should be taken into account when studying the fate of micropollutants in infiltration facilities with either mathematical modeling or soil coring field surveys.
The increasing use of infiltration-based systems for stormwater management questions the soil's ability to act as a long-term filter for runoff contaminants, and brings about operational matters regarding the most effective maintenance practices to enhance contaminant retention in SUDS. This paper reports the vertical extent of metal and PAH contamination in the soil of seven source-control devices in operation for more than 10 years, assessed via a two-step sampling strategy to optimize the representativeness of the contamination profiles. Metal distribution was typically characterized by a significant surface buildup, followed by a decrease in concentrations with increasing depth, usually coming close to the background values. PAH were more heterogeneously distributed with depth, but their accumulation was globally restricted to the upper 10-40 cm. This indicates an interesting potential for pollution interception by the upper horizons of soil, but does not necessarily prevent from downward fluxes, even while measuring low surface contents, as deeper strata may have lesser retention capacities. Specific amendments of the surface soil may help prevent this problem. Surface soil renewal - which would be necessary over 2.5-30 cm in four sites, according to the "strictest" standards for soil remediation - may regenerate the soil's sorption potential, but such a practice could disrupt the interactions with the local ecosystem, so this should be carried out exceptionally and not as a preventive measure.
Le développement du contrôle à la source des eaux pluviales urbaines et, notamment, le recours croissant à des dispositifs d’infiltration suscitent des interrogations sur la capacité du sol à jouer le rôle de «filtre» vis-à-vis des polluants présents dans le ruissellement. Cette question a été abordée en couplant campagnes de terrain et approche de modélisation. Sur 11 dispositifs d’infiltration aux caractéristiques contrastées, le sol a été échantillonné en deux phases successives, conduisant à des cartographies de la contamination superficielle en métaux, puis à des profils verticaux de métaux et hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), accompagnés de différentes variables explicatives. Les résultats ont démontré une bonne rétention des contaminants sur la plupart des sites d’étude, grâce à la combinaison de processus mécaniques (filtration) et physico-chimiques (adsorption). La distribution spatiale des métaux en surface, qui présente une structure caractéristique par rapport à la zone d’arrivée de l’eau, révèle le caractère non uniforme de l’infiltration lors des événements pluvieux courants. Dans la zone la plus polluée des ouvrages, métaux et HAP présentent un enrichissement significatif sur 10 à 40cm de profondeur. La contrepartie de cette rétention est une contamination qui, sur sept sites, excède localement les teneurs maximales admissibles –telles que définies par différentes normes internationales– dans le sol de zones résidentielles; toutefois, cela représente un volume de terres polluées relativement limité. L’approche de modélisation a permis de montrer que la durée de vie d’un dispositif d’infiltration pouvait être significativement améliorée en apportant un amendement organique à l’horizon superficiel, ce qui accroît la rétention de la pollution dissoute, ou en privilégiant une arrivée d’eau la plus répartie possible à la surface des ouvrages. La réduction des volumes d’eau de ruissellement en entrée d’ouvrage –par exemple, en déraccordant les eaux «propres» générées par le bassin versant– y participe également.
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