The adjective as a word class is elusive, as sometimes this distinct class is not easy to be identified in some languages though recent linguistics studies have claimed it exists in all languages. In Ga, a Kwa language of Niger Congo, the adjective class can be clearly defined. The Ga adjective class consists of both derived and underived forms. Adjectives are syntactically known to play the role of attribution, and/or predication and also found in comparative constructions. This paper investigates how adjectives in predicative positions in English are expressed in Ga and more especially when multiple ones serve as copula complement. It shows that adjectives in predication are expressed through verbs in Ga. The adjectives found in Ga are classified according to Dixon semantic classes. The data for this study were collected through questionnaire and follow up interviews from some native speakers. From the study, it came to light that verbs that occur in predicate positions as head of the verb phrases may have adjective equivalents but speakers prefer the verbs to the adjectives and there seems to be some number agreement with the nouns in subject position. When the adjective has no verb equivalent, natives make use of relative clauses and also make use of the adjectives. The study further revealed that when multiple adjectives are used in predicative position, though a restricted order was not established, there exist a preferred order for example, dimension adjectives occur before colour adjectives.
The paper examines some morphological processes in the syntactic structure of proverbs in Nzema, a Kwa language spoken predominantly in the South-west part of the Western Region of Ghana, West Africa. The paper focuses on the pragmatic imports of such word formation processes in relation to how they contribute significantly to the understanding of the proverbs. The paper shows the prevalence of word formation processes, such as reduplication, inflections, derivations, lexical borrowing, and compounding in the construction of Nzema proverbs, which essentially help to conceptualise and infer the didactic messages that are communicated via the proverbs. Data were primarily gathered through participant and non-participant observations, including discussions and interviews with competent indigenous Nzema speakers. We extracted additional data from published sources, a compilation of Nzema proverbs and from other literary texts. The paper integrates the assumptions of Goddard's Ethnopragmatic Paradigm and Hockett's Item-and-Arrangement and Item-and-Process Models as theoretical underpinning.
Property concept words (PCs) are lexical items in a language that play adjectival role. The paper examined the morphological and syntactic properties of three word classes in Ga, a Kwa language, of the Niger Congo branch. The paper established that though there are adjectives in Ga which commonly play the adjectival roles, nouns and verbs can also perform that function. Morphologically, most of the adjectives used as property concepts agreed with the head noun in number, with the exception of those adjectives whose sources were mainly from nouns and a few that are derived from verbs. Verbs that are employed to express property concepts were mainly stative and may not necessarily agree with the subject but always express a property of whatever noun is found in the subject position The paper postulates that two categories of nouns play this role in Ga syntactically. The first category precedes the head noun and the second occurs after the head noun. Syntactically, the attributive role of PCs is played by the three categories. Data analyzed were from students in University of Education, Winneba and native speakers. The Dixon Framework was applied in the paper
The use of multiple words to describe nouns is a common phenomenon in language and languages that have adjectives employ this word class.Ga, a Kwa language of the Niger Congo, branch is no exception, whereas languages without adjectives may use other lexical categories like nouns and verbs which play the adjectival role. Ga has adjectives and employs them as attributives for nouns. The paper examines the syntactic rule governing the occurence of several adjectives serving as attibtutes of a single head noun. In this paper the noun is considered as the head of the Ga Nominal Phrase. The order of these adjectives has not received scholarly attention in Ga and this is to fill that gap in the literature. I argued that the order of adjectives is not haphazardly arranged but follows a laid down syntactc prescription. For instance the data showed that Dimension adjectives normall occur in first position, whereas colour adjectives occur further from the head noun. It was also revealed that in the ordering of adjectives in which Value adjectives is included, the Age adjective occurs in last position and Value adjective occurs first or last when included in the ordering of adjectives for a noun. Consequently, it is opined that defying the arrangement in the ordering of the adjectives resulted in unacceptable forms.The adjectives are grouped according to Dixon semantic classes. Data is gathered from native speakers of Ga. The findings contribute to the existing literature on adjective sequencing in Ghanaian languages.
Varied ways are used for communication which may either be verbal or non-verbal. Non-verbal occurs in different forms and one is kinesics which includes gestures, facial expression, touching, eye contact and mode of dressing. The paper focuses on the aspect of dressing by examining traditional cloth worn among the Ga and Dangme people. It investigates the cloth types and their name source. It further examines the choice of cloth worn among Dangme and Ga in relation to function or ceremony. Additionally, it did a brief morphosyntactic analysis of the cloth names. The paper employed the visual semiotic theoretical framework by de Saussure. The data were gathered from sellers of cloth in the Accra Business Centre and some markets in the Dangme speaking areas through photography, semi-structured interviews, observation and notetaking. The data was then subjected to a sociolinguistic analysis. It was revealed in the paper that the sources of the name were from events, occasions, requested names and names derived from the motifs. The paper revealed morphosyntactically that the names of cloth are derived from phrases, sentences, personal names, wise sayings, proverbs and others. The names are mostly misspelled because they are not written by experts of the language. Furthermore, the colour of the cloth also determines the event to which one can wear it. Insinuations, the act of thanksgiving and congratulatory messages are some of the information relayed to the public upon usage. Lastly, the paper shows that in contemporary times, most relatively young people do not have much ideas about names of cloths and how they impact their usage.
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