Cockcroft-Gault prediction could be used for children over 12 years of age and adults; it should not be considered as creatinine clearance but as GFR corrected for body surface, it is merely a prediction, 95% of the results are between +/-40 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in children and +/-30 mL/min/1.72 m(2) in adults. In younger children no formula is satisfying.

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Plasma sodium (Na+) concentration, i.e. natraemia, results from body tonicity equilibrium. During exercise, a change in body tonicity can result from an imbalance between intake and loss of Na+, potassium (K+) and water (H2O) due to renal and/or extra-renal mechanisms. Whether exercise-induced changes in kidney function could be responsible for such an imbalance was studied by measuring glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance), proximal tubule activity (lithium clearance) and renal handling of Na+ and K+ at rest and during exercise. Since hyponatraemia during or after exercise has been reported, we also investigated whether a water load could be appropriately excreted during exercise. Ten young men pedalled on a cycle ergometer at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake for 45 min with (HE, hydrated exercise) or without (DHE, dehydrated exercise) a supply of water. In both conditions, creatinine, lithium, and electrolyte (Na+ + K+) clearances decreased and natraemia did not change. The DHE induced a loss of body mass (-1.29%), decreased diuresis and large extra-renal water loss [mean (SEM)] [880 (73) ml]. The HE led to no loss in body mass, increased diuresis and lower extrarenal water loss [680 (48) ml]. Electrolyte-free water excretion, negative for DHE, represented 60% of diuresis during HE. Thus the kidney, by increasing electrolyte reabsorption mainly in the proximal tubule, and appropriately excreting a water load, seems efficacious in regulating extracellular fluid volume and body tonicity and so not responsible for the imbalance between (Na+ + K+)/H2O intake and loss. Therefore, extra-renal changes could be the main causes of exercise-induced tonicity imbalances which could ultimately lead to dysnatraemia.