To explore the factors influencing the short-term efficacy of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation is the main objective. 100 patients with lumbar disc herniation who were treated in our hospital from February 2017 to February 2019 were selected as the control group (n=85, effective) and observation group (n=15, ineffective), the effective rate of treatment was statistically analyzed. Visual analogue scale and Japanese orthopaedic association scores were compared before surgery, 3 mo after surgery and 6 mo after surgery. The influencing factors of lumbar disc herniation treatment effect were analyzed. The effective rate of lumbar disc herniation patients treated by percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy surgery was 85.00 %. Compared with that before surgery, the visual analogue scale score of lumbar disc herniation patients was significantly decreased 3 mo after surgery and 6 mo after surgery, but the Japanese orthopaedic association score was significantly increased (p<0.05). In logistics regression analysis, it was found that the course of disease, history of trauma and degree of lumbago were the main factors affecting the therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery in patients with lumbar disc herniation. There are many factors influencing the efficacy of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery for lumbar disc herniation patients and the relationship between them and the therapeutic effect should be comprehensively analyzed.