One of the main environmental problems faced by the world, including Indonesia, is plastic waste. Plastic waste has polluted the soil, rivers, and the sea. The nature of plastic that is not easily biodegradable, takes hundreds of years to decompose naturally. Plastic waste management which is believed to be effective, in addition to efforts to reduce use is by recycling plastic waste. In many countries, recycling plastic waste has led to a circular economy. This circular system allows plastic waste to be recycled into new products. In fact, this concept is claimed to be able to encourage environmentally friendly economic growth. This study uses a literature study to identify the application of a circular economy of plastic waste in various countries. As a result, 21 papers were collected and analyzed based on year of publication, geographical location and research methodology. Furthermore, this study highlights the obstacles faced by many countries towards a circular economy followed by a comparison of their plastic waste recycling rate achievements. This research also discusses the state of plastic waste management and the potential for adoption of circular economy best practices in Indonesia.

Smart Contact Cards have been widely used in Indonesia, especially in the banking sector. Bank Indonesia data shows an increase in the production of Card-Based Payment Instruments (APMK) consisting of Credit Cards, Debit Cards and Debit+ATM Cards. This is also followed by an increase in transactions using APMK from year to year. The large amount of contact Smart Card waste that is disposed of every year presents a major risk of environmental pollution. This study evaluates the potential environmental impact of the contact Smart Card product based on a life cycle assessment (LCA). The input data for all elements are obtained from the literature study with Gate-to-Gate System Constraints. The assessment was carried out with the help of OpenLCA v.1.8.0 software, ELCD 3.2 database and CML (Baseline) impact assessment method. The results of the analysis show that Marine aquatic ecotoxicity is a significant potential environmental impact with a magnitude of 96%, followed by Acidification and Human Toxicity. Each contact Smart Card has 62,04526 kg1,4-DBeq in Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential, 2,22473 kgSO2eq as Acidification Potential and 0.37285 kg1,4-DBeq as Human Toxicity Potential. Further examination also shows that most of the impact comes from the choice of materials used. Copper material as the main material for the chip module plays an important role in providing environmental impact.