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Received; accepted 1 Visiting Astronomer, MMT Observatory. Observations reported here were obtained at the MMT Observatory, a joint facility of the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution 2 Visiting Astronomer, Steward Observatory 2.3 m Telescope. ABSTRACTWe present spectra of Eris from the MMT 6.5 meter telescope and Red Channel Spectrograph (5700−9800Å; 5Å pix −1 ) on Mt. Hopkins, AZ, and of Pluto from the Steward Observatory 2.3 meter telescope and Boller and Chivens spectrograph (7100−9400Å; 2Å pix −1 ) on Kitt Peak, AZ. In addition, we present laboratory transmission spectra of methane-nitrogen and methane-argon ice mixtures. By anchoring our analysis in methane and nitrogen solubilities in one another as expressed in the phase diagram of Prokhvatilov & Yantsevich (1983), and comparing methane bands in our Eris and Pluto spectra and methane bands in our laboratory spectra of methane and nitrogen ice mixtures, we find Eris' bulk methane and nitrogen abundances are ∼ 10% and ∼ 90% and Pluto's bulk methane and nitrogen abundances are ∼ 3% and ∼ 97%. Such abundances for Pluto are consistent with values reported in the literature. It appears that the bulk volatile composition of Eris is similar to the bulk volatile composition ofPluto. Both objects appear to be dominated by nitrogen ice. Our analysis also suggests, unlike previous work reported in the literature, that the methane and nitrogen stoichiometry is constant with depth into the surface of Eris. Finally, we point out that our Eris spectrum is also consistent with a laboratory ice mixture consisting of 40% methane and 60% argon. Although we cannot rule out an argon rich surface, it seems more likely that nitrogen is the dominant species on Eris because the nitrogen ice 2.15 µm band is seen in spectra of Pluto and Triton.

We demonstrate that high-field terahertz (THz) pulses trigger transient insulator-to-metal transition in a nanoantenna patterned vanadium dioxide thin film. THz transmission of vanadium dioxide instantaneously decreases in the presence of strong THz fields. The transient THz absorption indicates that strong THz fields induce electronic insulator-to-metal transition without causing a structural transformation. The transient phase transition is activated on the subcycle time scale during which the THz pulse drives the electron distribution of vanadium dioxide far from equilibrium and disturb the electron correlation. The strong THz fields lower the activation energy in the insulating phase. The THz-triggered insulator-to-metal transition gives rise to hysteresis loop narrowing, while lowering the transition temperature both for heating and cooling sequences. THz nanoantennas enhance the field-induced phase transition by intensifying the field strength and improve the detection sensitivity via antenna resonance. The experimental results demonstrate a potential that plasmonic nanostructures incorporating vanadium dioxide can be the basis for ultrafast, energy-efficient electronic and photonic devices.

We show that the transmission of a terahertz (THz) pulse through single-layer graphene is strongly nonlinear. As the peak electric field of the THz pulse exceeds 50 kV/cm, the graphene becomes increasingly transparent to the THz radiation. When field strength reaches 800 kV/cm, the increased transparency corresponds to a two-fold decrease in the time-average sheet conductivity of the graphene (time averaged over the duration of the pulse). Time-resolved measurements reveal that the leading portion of the pulse creates transparency for the trailing portion, with a 10-fold suppression in sheet conductivity at the tail of the strongest THz pulse. Comparing the THz-induced transparency phenomena in different sample geometries shows that substrate-free graphene is the best geometry for maximizing the nonlinear transparency effect.