The current study is executed to examine and investigate FTIR profile of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of male and female tree leaves of Carica papaya Linn separately. Significant difference in FTIR Interferogram was observed that revealed distinct peaks indicating difference in functional groups showed by Carica papaya Linn female and male tree leaves in both polar and non-polar extracts. N-H, C꞊O, O-H are dominating in ethanolic female tree leaves extract while CO , N-H2 and O꞊C-O-C groups are dominating in male tree leaves ethanolic extract. CO , C꞊O, O-H and NH are dominating in female tree leaves hexane extract while CO , NH2 and O-H are dominating in male tree leaves hexane extract. Data reflecting female tree leaves as a hub of major phytoconstituents in both polar and non-polar extracts. This present research reveals the difference of phytochemicals constituent in male and female tree leaves of Carica papaya Linn separately that improvise the already established quality standard of Carica papaya Linn tree leaves in forthcoming studies.

Antibiotic resistance poses a major task in managing typhoid associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Salmonella are prevalent in regions of Asia. Especially in areas having informal settlements with improper sanitation and clean water supply. The prime object of the study was to identify and determine the antibacterial potential of Manuka honey (MH) BV20 + joint undiluted and at different dilutions against resistant strains of S. Typhi. S. Typhi clinical isolates (n = 30) were collected from Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. Antimicrobial potential of Manuka honey (MH) BV20 + joint and the sensitivity pattern of pathogen were detected by using Agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were also calculated by using micro-broth dilution technique. From thirty clinical isolates, no one showed resistance against undiluted manuka honey as well as at 4000 μL/mL dilution. No samples showed resistance against azithromycin, used as positive control. The average zone of inhibition of azithromycin against S. Typhi was 27.11 mm while that of undiluted manuka honey was 25.28 mm. MIC and MBC were found to be 4000 μL/mL. Manuka honey BV20+ joint showed good antibacterial potential against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi indicating its significance in clinical practice as an empirical therapy. Further investigation is required to evaluate role of manuka honey as complementary and alternative medicine against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection.

ABSTRACT… Objectives: The purpose behind this study was to determine the pattern of the causes of death in adult males -a perspective on autopsy. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: 2015 to 2016. Setting: Peoples Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Material and Methods: 73 male patients, whose autopsy were performed through a convenience non-purposive sampling technique to ascertain the causes of death among dead bodies brought at Peoples Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan for the purpose of autopsy. Autopsy was performed with consent taken from the family members and hospital administration. Questionnaire was used to collect the limited relevant data and used SPSS version 17 for data entry and analysis. Results: Mean age of patients whom autopsy were performed was 37.12 years among them minimum age was 10 year and maximum age recorded was 75 years. Among all, 31 (42.46%) cases were from rural area while 42 (57.53%) cases were from urban area. Overall the most common pattern of death was firearm injury (27.39%) and most of them (17.80%) belongs to younger group (10 -40 years) of males and the same cause of death was also the most common (9.58%) among older group (≥41 -75 years). Conclusion: Most of the autopsies were performed from urban areas among them most common cause of death was firearm injury in both younger and older group of people.