The high performance of an oil−water separator relies largely on unique design of the architecture with a hierarchical and porous morphology as well as smart wetting responsiveness of active materials. A well-structured NaOHtreated antioil nonwoven mesh with in-situ and ex-situ pHswitched wetting was successfully prepared by controlled electrospinning of SAN copolymer followed by thermal treating in NaOH aqueous solution. The as-obtained robust and flexible pHswitched antioil mesh with highly accessible pH-responsive groups and a 3D open porous network geometry not only will achieve durable superhydrophilicity/superoleophobicity in air but also a superior underwater low-adhesive superoleophobicity could be obtained, leading the surface to be successfully used for long-term usage immiscible/emulsified light oil−water separation using only gravity-driven force with excellent antioil fouling during multiple cycles. Simultaneously, the water-soluble pollutant could be effectively captured by the antioil mesh and simply released in ethanol media. The "extended coil conformation" and "intermolecular hydrogen bonding" are proposed to explain the antioil wetting behavior. Most importantly, smart reversible pH switching from antioil to antiwater wetting could be simply and quickly obtained only by immersing the NaOH-treated mesh in acidic-aqueous solution to obtain an acid-treated antiwater mesh acting in "oil removing", which is repeatedly cycled without causing any damage to the mesh and loss of pH responsiveness. It is believed that such highly cost-effective and commercially scaled up smart material will be a promising candidate for use in removal of oil-polluted waters in the future.

Stimuli-responsive polymer architectures are attracting a lot of interest, but it still remains a great challenge to develop effective industrial-scale strategies. A single-stage and cost-effective approach was applied to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) smart responsive surface with fast and reversibly switchable wetting between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity properties induced by photo and heat stimuli. Commercially available PVDF and P25TiO 2 as starting materials fabricated with a scaled-up electrospinning approach were applied to prepare 3D smart switchable PVDF-P25TiO 2 nanotextile superwetted by both UV and solar light that is simply recovered by heat at a reasonable time. The superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic photoinduced nanotextile will act in "water-removing" mode in which water quickly passes through and the oil is blocked on the surface. An acceptable recycling, reusing, and superior antifouling and self-cleaning performance arising from a TiO 2 photocatalytic effect makes it highly desired in a green scaled-up industry oily wastewater treatment technology. With these advantages, a large-scale industrial production process can be simply simulated by applying a conducting mesh-like collector substrate.

Oil-polluted water mixtures are difficult to separate, and thus, they are considered as a global challenge. A superior superhydrophilic and low-adhesive underwater superoleophobic styrene-acrylate copolymer filtration membrane is constructed using a salt (NaOH)-induced phase-inversion approach. The as-fabricated filtration membrane provides a hierarchical-structured surface morphology and three-dimensional high density open-rough porous geometry with a special chemical composition including highly accessible hydrophilic −COO– agents, which all are of great importance for long-term usage of immiscible/emulsified (light) oil-polluted wastewater separation. The separation is performed with a high efficiency and a high flux under either a gravity-driven force or a small applied pressure of 0.1 bar. The filtration membrane indicates an excellent anti-fouling property and is easily recycled during multiple cycles. The outstanding performance of the filtration membrane in separating oil-polluted water mixtures and the cost-effective synthetic approach as well as commercially scaled-up initial materials all highlight its potential for practical applications.

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