Background: Evident from the literature, the kinematic center (KC) has been proposed as a reference point for representing movements of the TMJ, which includes jaw openings, closings, and protrusions and retrusions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the KC lies in a peculiar anatomical point and whether its trajectory reflects intra-articular distances. Methods: Dynamic stereo-metry was used to track Four closings and openings and Four protrusions/retrusion in fourteen asymptomatic individuals (8 females and 6 males, ages 21-40). Results: According to a 3D lattice (0.5 mm grid) constructed solidly around each condyle, the KC had the largest cross-correlation between protrusion-retrusion paths and opening-closing paths. On closing, KC trajectories were more cranial than on opening, consistent with smaller intraarticular distances on closing. Yet KCs never fell on main condylar axes (distance, 4.5 mm) or coincided with points approximating fossa shapes (distance, 12.5 mm). Conclusion: In this regard, it is unclear what the significance of the kinematic center is anatomically and functionally.

Objective: The objective of this research was to determine if arthrocentesis for Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) issues, with or without hyaluronic acid, is an effective treatment. Study Design: A Prospective study Place and Duration: This study was carried out at the Sardar Begum Dental College from January 2022 to June, 2022. Methods: This research included 40 individuals of both sexes with TMJ disc problems. After informed written consent, patients' age, sex, side, and effusion type were examined. Evenly separate patients into two groups. Group I got arthrocentesis in 20 cases and group II got hyaluronic acid in 20 cases. Standard two-needle arthrocentesis was used. Maximum mouth opening, pain reduction, and complications were compared between both groups. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results: Pre-treatment, MMO in group I was 29.7±11.37 mm while in group II maximum mouth opening was 30.4±11.61 mm. Post treatment, we found that in group I MMO was 43.9±7.43 mm and in group II 45.6±23.62 mm but did not found any significantly difference after 1.5 years of follow up 40.6±16.28 in group I and 42.7±4.17 mm in group II. Using VAS, pain scores were reduced 1.3±6.87in group I and 0.5±2.3 in group II, with p value 0.001 after treatment. Conclusion: In this research, we found that arthrocentesis was a successful and safe approach for treating disc derangement in the temporomandibular joint (as measured by an increase in MMO and a decrease in pain score), with arthrocentesis utilizing hyaluronic acid showing marginally improved outcomes. Keywords: Arthrocentesis, Pain score, Temporomandibular Joint disc, MMO

To observe morphological changes in testicular tissue of adult male BALB/c mice after administration of Cannabis sativa extract and to investigate the protective role of vitamin-C against cannabis-induced histopathological changes. METHODS: Eighteen BALB/c mice (31-40 g) were divided into 3 groups. Group-I was control group, Group-II received oral cannabis extract (14 mg/kg) and Group-III received cannabis extract (14 mg/kg) orally along with vitamin-C (100 mg/kg) for 45 days. At the end of experiment, variations in body weight, testicular weight and histological changes in testicular tissues of mice were observed. RESULTS: Average increase in weight was 7.000±0.77 gm, 4.833±0.87 gm & 5.833±0.79 gm in group-I, group-II and group-III respectively. Weight reduction in right and left testis was 42.30±0.465mg and 42.45±0.424mg in group-I, 38.85±0.523 mg and 39.35±0.520 mg in group-II, and 42.38±0.465 mg and 42.23±0.424 mg in group-III animals respectively (p<0.01). Mean seminiferours epithelium thickness was 4.367±0.302 µm in group-II, 5.683±0.104 µm and 6.417±0.116 µm in Group-I and group-III respectively (p<0.001). Average germ cells count (cells/tubule) in group-II was reduced (256.25±6.58) as compared to group-I (373.50±4.063) and group-III (366.25±3.442). Histological changes observed after the treatment were decreased height of germinal epithelium, basal lamina disruption, seminiferous tubules shrinkage, scanty cytoplasm with shrunken nuclei and germinal epithelium detachment from basal lamina in group-II animals as compared to group-I and group-III. CONCLUSION: The cannabis administration significantly declines the weight, size of testes, germ cells count and the height of seminiferours epithelium in animals. Vitamin-C had a protective role on cannabis induced toxic changes in the testes of the mice.

Background: Recurrent TMJ (temporomandibular joint) dislocation is a condition characterized by frequent dislocation events. Recurrent TMJ dislocation may be treated using a variety of techniques, including conservative therapy and surgical treatments. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of treatment of recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint with injection of autologous blood in superior joint space with and without pericapsular tissue Methodology: The current study was prospective was carried out at the Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar for duration of one year from June 2021 to July 2022. The patients were categorized into group A and B, each having 50 patients. In group A patients the autologous blood was injected in superior joint space while in group B, autologous blood was injected in pericapsular tissue. The average reduction in mouth opening was recorded in both the groups. All the data analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: In group A patients, a mean (±sd) decrease in mouth opening of 3.30 (0.77) mm was observed (p=0.001) while a mean (±sd) decrease in mouth opening of 4.56 (0.72) mm was observed in group B patients (p=0.001). Dislocation recurrence was observed in 4 (57.14%) patients in group A while in group B, dislocation recurrence was observed in 3 (42.86%) patients (p=0.001). Conclusion: Our study concludes that management of recurrent dislocation of TMJ with injection of autologous blood was safe, efficient, simple and economic procedure. Patients with recurrent TMJ dislocation should be encouraged to use autologous blood injection for their treatment. Keywords: Recurrent; Temporomandibular joint dislocation; Autologous blood injection

One of the most common pregnancy complications is Hypertension. It has a major effect on maternal and neonatal morbidities and fatalities. The placenta is an important organ for the maintenance of pregnancy and the nourishment of the fetus.  Objective: To compare the morbid variations in the placenta of hypertensive and normotensive mothers. Methods: From the obstetrics and gynecology department, a hundred placentae of hypertension and normotensive females were collected. The placentae were preserved in formalin and sectioned. Blocks prepared were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: The placentae from 50 normotensive mothers with 26±3.1 years (mean age) and 50 hypertensive mothers with 26± 2 years (mean age). In normotensive patients 12% Infarction was seen and 70% of severe hypertensive patients while syncytial knots were found in 70% of cases of severe hypertension, while calcification was observed in 90%. In severe hypertension, stroma fibrosis and hypervascularity increase in proportion to the degree of hypertension, with 50% and 30% cases seen in severe hypertension, respectively. Conclusions: In pregnancy hypertension causes, Stromal fibrosis syncytial knots, calcified, hypervascularity, all of which impair the uteroplacental flow of blood and lower newborn weight.