Linking adverbials are used to make speech and writing logically connected and have been considered important writing tools in English language. The present study has explored and compared the frequencies and patterns of usage of linking adverbials (LAs henceforth) in native and non-native Englishes. It examines the distinctive arrangements of LAs adopted by non-native speakers of English in Pakistan and compare them with the patterns usually

The present study is an attempt to notice the usual patterns of invariant tag questions in Pakistani English by comparing it with native and non-native Englishes. It aims to explore the use of invariant tag questions (InTQs) in two native (i.e. British and New Zealand) and two non-native (i.e. Indian and Singaporean) Englishes, with the major focus on Pakistani English. It also focuses on the invariant use of is it/isn't it in Pakistani English. The components of the International Corpus of English were chosen for the present research. For Pakistani English, a written corpus and the recordings, likely to be used for the compilation of the said project, have also been borrowed. First, 10 more frequent InTQs were selected after a pilot survey of the whole dataset. The results show that the speakers of every variety have their own inclinations as far as the choice of InTQs is concerned. The study reveals that Pakistani speakers of English do not use is it/isn't it invariantly, as had been assumed, like other non-native speakers of Englishes, i.e. Singaporean and Indian. The study might help the users of different varieties to understand the cultural gap and then to overcome this gap when they encounter inter-group communication.

The research explores forms and function of variant tag questions (VTQs) in the native and non-native Englishes. For the said purpose, patterns of VTQs in Pakistani English are compared with two native (British and New Zealand) and two non-native (Indian and Singaporean) varieties. The components of the International Corpus of English, henceforth ICE (Greenbaum & Nelson, 1996) of the said varieties, have been used. Each ICE component consists of one-million-word corpus of the regional variety, with a common design, in order to ensure maximum comparability between the components (Nelson 1996). The ICE samples the English of adults (age 18 or over) who have been educated through medium of English to at least the end of secondary schooling. Convenient sampling technique is used to collect data. All the possible tags were extracted using AntConc 3.5.9 and the collocation were then studied. The results revealed that VTQs are under-used in non-native Englishes while least used in Pakistani English. As for the forms of VTQs, Pakistani speakers follow the native speakers and observe the grammatical rules. The functions of VTQs are analysed in Pakistani English, following Axelsson's (2011) model, and compared with that of Indian English as both varieties share almost similar linguistic and sociocultural backgrounds. The results show that declarative VTQs are preferred to seek and exchange information in both the varieties. The research suggests that further linguistic entities may be explored to observe the similarities/differences in native and non-native varieties, including Indian and Pakistani Englishes, to establish their identities.

The study's main goal is to investigate the relevance between the objectives set by the government of Pakistan behind the implementation of the single national curriculum and the presented content in the English textbooks (Grade 2-5) of Punjab Textbook Board under SNC criteria. The study looks at how the English textbooks (PTB) can help people achieve the said three objectives out of seven, such as, upward social mobility, conforming to international trends, and equity in education. This study aims to focus whether the content of PTB English textbooks (Grade 2-5) is appropriate to meet the expected objectivity through the perspective of gender representation, which is very much significant to develop a balanced society. The study is not being taken up under the umbrella of feminist movement but in the context of observing neutrality among the gender representation that will ultimately lead to obtain the said objectives. It’s a scientifically recognized fact that the early stage of cognitive development plays a major role in constructing the individuals’ ideologies, gender-based concepts and their roles in society. This study aims to examine the gender representation and portrayal of male and female through their occupational roles, home chores, sports and social activities and adjectives used to describe them. A mixed method approach as a research method has been chosen for the project, Chi square test has been applied to the quantitative data to examine the difference between observed frequencies and expected frequencies of gender representation through determined categories in the content of the English textbooks (Grade 2-5) of PTB. The results revealed that women in English textbooks (Grade 2-5) of PTB are underrepresented as men are more depicted in number of occupational and social roles and they are not responsible for domestic chores, they have been presented as providers and women have been shown as helpers and delicate creature of the society. At the end of this research some recommendations are suggested required to the content and solutions to the existing issues in these books to make it more fruitful and a balanced one.

The present study concerns on exploring how experiential meanings have been constructed through specific linguistic choices in Nadia Hashmi’s novel When the Moon Is Low. The main theoretical framework used for the clause analysis is transitivity model of systemic functional linguistics (SFL) through which the experiential meanings in the novel under study have been studied. The data comprises the novel, ‘When the Moon Is Low’ by Nadia Hashmi. Furthermore, the UAM corpus tool developed by O’Donnell (2009) has been used for the data analysis. The main focus of the research is to explore the transitivity patterns in the novel and explain the experiential meanings through transitivity analysis. Examining the language of a literary text can lead to a fuller understanding of the text and thus appreciation of the writer’s artistic achievement (Leech & Short, 2007). Accordingly, this study considers the relationship between linguistic structures and socially constructed meaning in a literary text. The results of the study reveal that there are total 77235 grammatical units. The results depict the highest frequency of participants is 23618 (30.57%). The processes are 21343 (27.63%), circumstances 13043 (16.88%) and configuration 19232 (24.89%). Among process types, material process has the highest frequency 11219 (63.58%). It shows that the author has portrayed the events of the novels by elaborating what is happening in the material world and what the characters are doing. By analysing When the Moon is Low through transitivity framework, process types in selected texts and their function has been found. Transitivity choices impart a significant role in the transmission of implicit meanings.