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Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia characterized by a buildup of ꞵ-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Prior to the development of Alzheimer's disease, patients may experience mild cognitive impairment, characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities while maintaining independent function. Electroencephalography has shown promise as a clinical predictor of mild cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study is to review the existing literature on clinical biomarkers using resting-state electroencephalography or event-related potentials to differentiate Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment from normal aging. Methods: A search of primary research articles was conducted in PubMed. Selected articles examined mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease utilising electroencephalography, event-related potential data, and resting-state data. Reviews, conference abstracts, and studies without human controls were excluded. Results: Our search identified 100 and 125 records on resting-state and event-related potential data, respectively. The most common findings from resting-state studies included a reduction in alpha power, an increase in delta and theta power, a reduction in signal complexity, and differences in functional connectivity. The most common findings from event-related potential studies included reduction in P3 wave amplitude, as well as latency in both P3 and N2 waves. Discussion: Resting-state and event-related potential electroencephalography studies indicate distinct changes in oscillatory brain activity and waveform shape which indicate distinct differences in MCI or AD compared to HC which may be clinically relevant. Conclusion:There is evidence to support the use of certain electroencephalographic biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment. Future research should seek to examine how best to apply these findings in a clinical setting.

ObjectiveEndoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) approaches have revolutionized the management of sinonasal and intracranial pathology. Maintaining surgical hemostasis is essential as bleeding can obscure the visibility of the surgical field, thus increasing surgical duration, risk of complications, and procedural failure. Tranexamic acid (TXA) acts to reduce bleeding by inhibiting fibrin degradation. This review aims to assess whether TXA improves surgical field quality and reduces intraoperative blood loss compared with control.MethodsWe searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception until September 1, 2022. Two reviewers independently screened citations, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomized trials. Data were pooled using a random‐effect model, with continuous data presented as mean differences and dichotomous data presented as odds ratios.ResultsSeventeen ESS randomized controlled trials (n = 1377) and one ESBS randomized controlled trial (n = 50) were reviewed. Significant improvement in surgical field quality was achieved with both systemic TXA (six studies, p < 0.00001) and topical TXA (six studies, p = 0.01) compared with the control. Systemic TXA (eight studies) and topical TXA (three studies) both achieved a significant reduction in intraoperative blood loss compared with the control (p < 0.00001). There were significant differences in operative times (p < 0.001) but no significant difference in perioperative outcomes (p = 0.30).ConclusionThis meta‐analysis demonstrated that the administration of TXA in ESS can improve surgical field quality and reduce intraoperative blood loss. TXA use did not result in increased perioperative complications including thrombotic events.