Introduction: A standard scale to examine the empowerment status of older individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be used to assess their ability for self-care and disease management. This study aimed to design and validate the empowerment scale for the older individuals with COPD (ESOCOPD).Materials & methods: This study was conducted in two phases with a deductive-inductive approach: a qualitative phase for designing the tool (the grounded theory study re-analysis, a review of texts and interviews) and a quantitative phase for validation of the questionnaire (face and content validity and reliability). Reliability was determined by test-retest and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Based on the results of the grounded theory study re-analysis and a review of texts and interviews, 47 items were designed, 14 of which were removed in the face and content validity assessment. The total Content validity index and content validity ratio of the questionnaire were found as 0.82 and 0.95, respectively.The final number of items in the scale was 33, and its dimensions included "information seeking, achieving independence, learning to live with COPD, participation in care, having critical thinking, psychosocial capacities management, and achieving goals". Intra-class correlation of questionnaire dimensions was 0.86-0.99. Conclusions:The ESOCOPD can be used by health care and treatment providers to determine the patient's ability for self-care and disease management because of its small number of items, it's validation, and reliability.

Background: There are contradictory results regarding the pattern of seasonal variations of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Documentation of such a pattern may contribute to identify new pathophysiological factors in the occurrence of MI. Therefore, the current study aimed at determining the association between MI and the admission season and time.

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