Leptin is a 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue that participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of leptin injection on mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and comparison of PPAR-γ mRNA expression in rat's adipose and liver tissue. Twenty adult male rats were divided into the following groups: Group 1asa control (n=10) that did not receive any treatment. Group 2as a treatment (n=10) that received leptin (30 µg ⁄ kg BW) intraperitoneally (ip) for two successive days. Blood samples were taken before and one day after second leptin injection for triglyceride (TG), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), HLD-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol measurement. Total RNA was extractedfrom the adipose tissue and liver tissues of rats.  Adipose and liver tissue cells' cDNA was synthesized to characterize the expression of PPAR-γ. Gene expression of PPAR-γ mRNA was tested by RT- PCR technique. Results show leptin decreases expression of PPAR-γ on rat. Low levels of PPAR-γ mRNA were detected in adipose and liver tissues of treatment rats in comparison to control group. In treatment group, the level of PPAR-γ mRNA in liver tissue was very lower than the adipose tissue. The levels of HDL and FFA in treatment rats were increased whereas serum levels TG, VLDL and LDL were not changed. It is concluded that leptin signal with suppressing of PPAR-γ mRNA expression in rat's adipose and liver tissues can result in lipolysis instead of lipogenesis.

Background: Nowadays, Due to the destructive effects of chemicals on processed foods and increasing multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDRs), the use of essential oils of medicinal plants, is essential. Artemisia is the largest genus of the Asteraceae family, with extensive research on the composition of essential oils, antimicrobial effects and food control of various species of this genus hasdone the purpose of this study was to review the antimicrobial effects of the four essential oils of Artemisia sieberi in Iran. Materials and Methods: This study data collectionby articles in internal databases such as, Irandoc, SID and external databases including Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Be it. Results: Asteraceae family essential oils are biologically active secondary metabolites including volatile oils, quarines, flavonoids and phenolic carbonic acids that have potent antimicrobial effects. Chemical analysis of essential oils confirmed the four Artemisia species tested in Iran as effective antimicrobial agents. Therefore,the essential oils of these plants can be used as a food preservative and in the control of infectious diseases. Conclusion: Analysis of the essential oil composition of these plants depends on the geographical diversity of the region and different cultivation conditions. Iran is one of the richest regions of the world in terms of number and variety of these plants, identification, development and optimization of the extract of these plants can play an important role in the health of society, economy and production. This study may focus on the unknown potentials of Artemisia species in Iran.