Topical Plantavera gel seems to be an effective, cheap and safe treatment. Of course, further studies are required to confirm the properties of the wound healing of this gel.

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There have been several studies evaluating the association between vitamin and mineral status and menstrual disturbance. In the present study, we aimed to assess the relationship between the menstrual bleeding pattern and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and calcium levels in adolescent girls. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 897 high school girls from northeastern Iran. The prevalence of hypocalcaemia, normal serum calcium and hypercalcaemia was 27.1, 59.8 and 13.1%, respectively. The menstrual flow of participants differed significantly between the calcium status groups (p = .005). There was no significant association between the symptoms of PMS, as assessed by the questionnaire and serum vitamin D status, or serum calcium concentrations, apart from the irritability. There appears to be an association between serum calcium, menstrual blood loss and irritability in adolescent girls. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Several studies have evaluated the association of vitamin and mineral status with menstrual disturbance, although these relationships are not consistent, specifically among calcium and vitamin D levels with a menstrual bleeding pattern. What do the results of this study add? In the present study, we investigated the correlation of menstrual bleeding patterns and PMS with calcium and vitamin D levels in a large population in adolescent girls. We found that the level of calcium was associated with the level of menstrual blood loss and irritability. However, no significant association was observed between the menstrual bleeding pattern or the PMS symptoms with a vitamin D status. What are the implications of these findings for future clinical practise/research? Further studies are required to assess the value of a calcium adequate intake or a calcium supplementation for the amelioration of PMS and a better understanding the role of calcium in PMS.

Objective. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common endocrine complication in pregnancy. There are few risk factors that clearly correlate with GDM. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic hormone that can regulate glucose metabolism. It has been recognized that serum levels of FGF21 are significantly increased in diabetes and insulin resistance states. The objective of this study was to determine the serum FGF21 levels in women with GDM compared with non-GDM women and its correlation with insulin resistance. Methods. Thirty GDM patients and 60 healthy pregnant controls that matched for maternal and gestational age were selected. Women with previous history of GDM, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, renal or liver failure and drug consumption with effects on glucose or insulin levels were excluded. FGF21 was determined and correlated with biochemical parameters of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Results. FGF21 concentration was significantly higher in GDM (264.5±196.2 ng/L) as compared with control groups (59.1±36.5ng/L). Correlation of FGF21 with insulin resistance was not significant. A cutoff 82.07 ng/L of FGF21 had sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 85% for prediction of GDM. Conclusion. FGF21 is increased in GDM and it is independent of insulin resistance. We suggest that FGF21 resistance could be directly involved in pathophysiology of GDM.

Background:The outbreak of gestational diabetes has a significant increase during recent years. This disease has complications for mother and her baby. Screening is an opportunity for preventing of gestational diabetes complications.Objective:The aim of this research was to determine the most important risk factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Iran according to the expert's views by Group Analytical Hierarchy Process.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, papers related to the prevalence and risk factors of GDM in Iran from 1992-2015 were reviewed. By studying texts and Up to Date databases, 10 risk factors for gestational diabetes were collected. Among these 10 items, the risk factors that have become significant based on studying literature in Iran were selected for analysis. Group Analytical Hierarchy Process (GAHP) questionnaire distributed among all experts.Results:8 risk factors of gestational diabetes were significant in Iran. The analysis of experts' views showed that "History of GDM or disorder in glucose tolerance in pregnancy" is the most important risk factor for developing GDM (40.7%). The second and third most important risk factors were "History of macrosomia (infant birth weight > 4.1 Kg)" (20.2%) and" History of diabetes in first degree relatives" (10.7%). Conclusion:Suggesting screening based on the determined order of these risk factors can reduce the cost and stress in pregnant women. Also, it makes patient identifying faster. The healthcare sector can consider these priorities determined in experts' views to prevent gestational diabetes.