The treatment objective for children with avulsed anterior teeth should concentrate on preserving the alveolar bone volume and contour. Posttraumatic external inflammatory root resorption (EIRR) is also a high-risk complication often observed in children. Regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) has been considered a successful treatment to arrest EIRR, especially in posttraumatic cases. This case report presents clinical outcomes of REP in two teeth of an 8-year-old systemically healthy patient with a history of severe dentoalveolar traumatic injury, one with a history of avulsion, and the other with an EIRR. The treatment consisted of REP on both teeth #8 and #9. The results showed some evidence of maturation in the apical third of tooth #9 and resolution of signs and symptoms on tooth #8.

Regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) is a valuable treatment for necrotic immature teeth with many advantages such as increasing root length and thickness of root wall. The success of RETs is based on healthy stem cells, suitable scaffolds, and growth factors and takes place when bacterial contamination is well controlled. The aim of this article is to address controversy in a case with multiple success criteria. This paper reports a 9-year-old boy with a complicated crown fracture of the maxillary left central incisor about three years prior to referral with a diagnosis of intrusive luxation with spontaneous reeruption. The tooth had an underdeveloped root and a well-defined periapical radiolucent lesion around the root apex. RET was considered according to the stage of root development. Upon the three-week recall session, the clinical examination indicated that the patient was asymptomatic in the affected site. However, the patient returned two weeks later with a sinus tract pertaining to the apex of tooth #9. Therefore, debridement of the root canal space was repeated and the RET redone. On the second trial, the patient was symptom-free, but no more evidence of root maturation was observed on 18-month follow-up. The tooth was asymptomatic (without swelling, drainage, and pain) during this time, and esthetics was provided for the patient.

Background: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is postulated to have the highest increase in the prevalence of diabetes by 2030; however, studies on the epidemiology of diabetes are rather limited across the region, including in Iran.Methods: This study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 among Iranian adults aged 20 to 65 years residing in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. Diabetes was defined as fasting blood sugar (FBS) ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or taking oral anti-diabetic medications. Prediabetes was defined as FBS ≥ 100 but ≤ 125 mg/dl. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association of multiple risk factors that attained significance on the outcome.Results: Overall, 30,500 participants were recruited; the mean (±SD) age was 41.6 (±11.9) years. The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes were 30.8% and 15.2%, respectively. We found a comparable prevalence of diabetes in both sexes, although it was higher among illiterates, urban residents, married people, and smokers. Participants aged ≥ 50 and those with Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 were more likely to be affected by diabetes [RR: 18.5 (16.4,21.0) and 3.2 (2.9,3.5)]. Hypertension [RR: 5.1 (4.7,5.4)], waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm [RR: 3.6 (3.3,3.9)], and family history [RR: 2.4 (2.2,2.6)] were also significantly associated with diabetes. For prediabetes, the main risk factors were age ≥ 50 [RR: 2.4 (2.3,2.6)], BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 [RR: 1.9 (1.7 ,2.0)], hypertension and WC ≥ 90 cm [RR: 1.7 (1.6 ,1.8)]. Conclusions: Prediabetes and diabetes are prevalent in southwestern Iran. The major determinants are older age, obesity, and the presence of hypertension. Further interventions are required to escalate diabetes prevention and diagnosis in high-risk areas across Iran.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health problem with faster progression in developing countries such as Iran. Here we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and determinants of CKD stage III+.Methods: This research is part of the Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS), a large observational population-based cross-sectional study in which 30041 participants aged 20 to 65 were enrolled. CKD was determined with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2, based on two equations of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). The multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the CKD stage III+ determinants.Results: Prevalence of CKD stage III+ is estimated to be 7.1 %, 5.5%, and 5.4% based on MDRD, CKD-EPI, and combination of both equations, respectively. More than 89% of CKD subjects aged higher than 40 years. In regression analysis, age more than 40 years had the strongest association with CKD stage III+ probability (OR: 8.23, 95% CI: 6.91-9.18). Higher wealth score, hypertension, High-Density Lipoprotein levels less than 40 mg/dl, and higher waist to hip ratio were all associated with CKD stage III+ while Arab ethnicity showed a protective effect (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57-0.78). Conclusion: Our findings provide detailed information on the CKD stage III+ and its determinants in the southwest region of Iran. Due to strong association between age and CKD stage III+, within a few decades we might expect a huge rise in the CKD prevalence.