In order to evaluate several agro-morphological traits in 56 wheat genotypes, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis were used for understanding the data structure and trait relations. The PCA showed that five components explained 69% of the total variation among traits. The first PCA was assigned 28% and the second PCA was assigned 13% of total variation among traits. The first PCA was more related to grain number, floret number, tiller number, stem diameter, leaf width and spikelet number. Therefore, the selection may be done according to the first component and it was helpful for a good breeding program for development of high yielding cultivars. The correlation coefficient between any two traits is approximated by the cosine of the angle between their vectors in the plot of the first two PCAs and the most prominent relations were between grain diameter and grain yield; and between grain length and 1,000 seed weight. The factor analysis divided the eighteen traits into five factors and the first factor included stem diameter, leaf width, tiller number, spike length, floret number, spikelet number, grain number and grain yield. The second factor was composed of some morphological traits and indicated the importance of the grain diameter, grain length, 1,000 seed weight and grain yield. The two PCA and factor analysis methods were found to give complementary information, and therefore such knowledge would assist the plant breeders in making their selection. In other words, this data reduction would let the plant breeder reduce field costs required to obtain the genetic parameter estimates necessary to construct selection indices.

The knowledge about the extent of variability among bread wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) genotypes is a high value for the genetic improvement programs and the efficient genetic diversity utilization of plant materials. The objective of this research was to assess the morphological characteristics of 56 common wheat genotypes which were planted under field condition and their morphological traits were recorded. The principal components (PC) analysis, factor analysis and clustering procedure were applied to group genotypes according to similarity on the basis of the measured traits. Results showed that the first two PCs explain 41% of the total variation. The PC and factor analyses grouped genotypes into four groups while the cluster analysis grouped them into five distinct clusters. The cluster I had good resistance to yellow rust and salinity while the cluster II, had good resistance to drought, cold and salinity. The cluster III had high tolerance to cold stress and low temperatures but the cluster IV had good tolerance to drought, brown rust and yellow rust. Also, cluster V had various properties including tolerance abiotic stresses, resistance to biotic stresses, resistant to lodging and semi-dwarf property. The results of this research will support efforts of conservation and utilization of genotypes in bread wheat breeding programs.

In this research,three levels of fungi; non-inoculated, spore, and myceliuminoculated plants, and three levels of nanoSiO2;0,50 and 100 mM, were studied under non-water stress andwater stress conditions. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons indicated that application of both nanoSiO2 and P. indica had positive effects in inducing drought tolerance in tomato regarding morphological (root and shoot properties), biochemical (protein, anthocyanin, phenol), physiological (proline, chlorophyll a and b), tolerance indices (relative water content and electrolyte leakage), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX and APX) traits.Comparison of two trials under water stress, showed that the mycelium form of P. indica was better than the spore form and it was better than100 mMnano SiO2 in CAT enhancing while only the spore form of fungiwas better than100 mMnano SiO2in chlorophyll-b.Under water stress, application of the 100 mMnano SiO2 could produce more root volume and dry weight than any fungi treatments. Our results indicated the positive impacts of P. indica and SiO2 nanoparticles on drought tolerance in tomato but the P. indica was more efficient than SiO2 nanoparticles in most traits, which could be related to better symbiosis of fungi with roots.