Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system with profound effects on patients' independence and self-efficacy. Then, it is still questionable whether self-management programs in patients with MS affect the patients' self-efficacy. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a self-management program plus regular follow-up on self-efficacy in patients with MS. Patients and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was performed on 80 patients with relapsing remitting MS who were randomly allocated to an intervention (n = 40) and a control group (n = 40). The MS self-efficacy scale was completed before and after the intervention. The intervention group was divided into four small subgroups of ten. Then, each subgroup was invited to participate in four training sessions about self-management. During the two months after the self-management sessions, a weekly telephone follow-up was conducted for each patient in the intervention group. The control group did not receive any intervention other than routine care. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and independent-samples t-testes were used to analyze the data. Results: No significant difference in mean scores of baseline self-efficacy was found between the control (52.90 ± 8.03) and the intervention groups (54.90 ± 9.51) (P = 0.313). However, a significant difference was observed between the control (50.90 ± 5.71) and the intervention groups (59.80 ± 5.27) regarding mean scores of self-efficacy at the end of the study (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Implementing the self-management program plus regular follow-up increased the perception of self-efficacy in patients with MS. Similar self-management programs are recommended to be integrated in the regular caring of patients with MS.

Background: Death anxiety is one of the concerns of the elderly population in the late stages of life. In this context, recalling memories is one of the favorite characteristics of these people that can affect different aspects of their mental and social health. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of reminiscence therapy on the death anxiety of men retried from the Islamic Republic of Iran Army living in Zahedan. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was performed on 90 retired men over 60 years of age. The subjects were recruited through convenience sampling at the Army Retirement Center in Zahedan in winter 2019. The participants were randomly divided into the intervention (n = 45) and control (n = 45) groups. In the intervention group, reminiscence therapy was carried out based on major life events twice a week for six sessions. Data were gathered again two months after the intervention. The control group did not take part in any program. Data collection tools included a demographic form and the Death Anxiety scale (Templer, 1970). The results were analyzed by SPSS-21 using descriptive and inferential statistics. The P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean scores of death anxiety were 25.37 ± 1.89 and 25.17 ± 1.61 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. After the experiment, this score was 9.09 ± 1.79 in the intervention group and 25.04 ± 1.62 in the control group. Thus, while reminiscence therapy significantly relieved death anxiety in the intervention group (P < 0.0001), the control group showed no significant difference in this respect at the end of the study (P = 0.63). Conclusions: Group reminiscence therapy can reduce the death anxiety of older adults. Since the elderly are fond of expressing their memories, and such storytelling is an attractive, simple, and inexpensive intervention, it could be used to help these people mitigate their death anxiety.