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This paper aims to assess the status of scientific literature on talipes equinovarus (TEV) published from Pakistan, to get an insight into the trend in knowledge over the years, and to highlight study gaps in this area. A detailed review of published literature was conducted from November 2019 to January 2020. ‘Talipes/congenital talipes’, ‘clubfoot/congenital clubfoot’, ‘talipes equinovarus /congenital talipes equinovarus’ AND ‘Pakistan’ were used as key terms. Different search engines, PubMed, PakMediNet, ScienceDirect, Embase and Google Scholar were utilized to retrieve articles. A total of 63 articles were retrieved. The hotspot of TEV research in Pakistan has been its treatment and management. Over the years, treatment trend has shifted from operative to conservative; Ponseti method is predominantly employed. Hospital-based studies focusing on pediatric patients are common while population-based studies are devoid. In majority of cohorts, there is preponderance of male patients, idiopathic and unilateral cases. There is, however, scarcity of basic research on the prevalence, etiology, risk factors, clinical heterogeneity, associated anomalies, genetics, and molecular diagnostics of TEV. In conclusion, prudent scientific evidence is required for any policy-making and relevant public health action. Hence, large scale population-based studies are required for a broader overview and understanding the clinical spectrum of TEV. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2514 How to cite this:Murtaza K, Saleem Z, Malik S. Talipes equinovarus or Clubfoot: A review of study approaches, management and trends in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(6):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2514 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This research work aims to study the association between servant leadership (SL) and project success (PS). The study also examines the mediating role of employee innovative work behavior (IWB) and psychological empowerment (PE) in the relationship between SL and PS. Current study collected data from 350 construction industry professionals working on different construction projects in Pakistan. SPPS and SmartPls software were used to analyze the gathered data. The analysis result show that SL is positively related to PS. IWB and PE also significantly influenced the relationship between SL and PS. This research is one of the first attempts to examine the nexus between SL and PS through the mediating role of employ IWB and PE in the construction industry.

Background Short birth intervals (SBIs) and long birth intervals (LBIs) have been shown to have serious implications for health of both mothers and their children. This study was aimed to investigate the determinants and reproductive outcome of SBI and LBI in a multiethnic Pakistani population. Methods In a cross-sectional prospective study design, 2798 women admitted in a tertiary-care hospital in Islamabad for delivery were recruited and data on second or higher birth order deliveries were collected. Birth intervals were defined as short (<24 months) and long (>36 months). The reproductive outcome was defined in terms of perinatal and neonatal mortalities, and neonatal complications. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Pregnancies with SBI and LBI were observed in 20% and 24% of 2798 women, respectively. Women with SBI had increased odds of perinatal death [adjusted odd ratio (AOR): 1.50] and neonatal death (AOR: 1.47) as compared to women with optimal birth intervals, while women with LBI had slightly lower odds of perinatal deaths (AOR: 0.96), but increased odds of neonatal deaths (AOR: 1.12). Further, the pregnancies with both SBI and LBI were associated with increased odds of short body length, low birth weight, small head circumference and low APGAR score. Conclusion Nearly half of all pregnancies do not have optimal birth spacing albeit there is wide heterogeneity in the distribution of BI in various Pakistani ethnicities. Pregnancies with SBI and LBI had high risk of adverse reproductive outcome. Intervention programs for maternal and child health need to emphasize optimal birth spacing.

This study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge by using social identity theory to investigate the function of shared leadership in teams. The study examines the impact shared leadership can have on creative work behavior. In addition, the study used positive social motivation as a mediator and moderating role of preparedness. In addition, the study suggests a change preparedness as a buffer for improving innovative work behavior among workers of information systems as a result of shared leadership. The material for this study came from the completion of questionnaires by 236 different people working in Pakistani information systems. The data-gathering process involved using a convenience sampling method, which is not a random sampling approach. The sample size was established using G*Power (Hair et al, 2014). To evaluate both direct and indirect impacts, the Model 4 specification of the process macros created by Hayes was employed. On the other hand, the Model 1 specification was applied to test the moderation hypothesis. For this study, the individuals working for information system firms served as the unit of analysis. According to the findings, shared leadership has a useful link that contributes positively to innovative workplace behavior. It was also determined that the willingness for change has a moderating function in the relationship between shared leadership and pro-social drive.