The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, as determined by circulating levels of 25-hydroxycalciferol [25(OH)D], is greater in older individuals compared with the young. To examine the hypothesis that altered production or inactivation of 25(OH)D contributes to lower circulating levels of 25(OH)D, we measured the serum levels of parent vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and 25(OH)D. We also determined the relative abundance of transcripts encoding hepatic CYP2R1 and CYP27B1, the principal 25-hydroxylases, transcripts encoding enzymes that degrade 25(OH)D in the liver (Cyp3A11) and kidney (Cyp24A1) and transcripts encoding megalin and cubilin, proteins critical to vitamin D resorption in the kidney in mice at three different ages. We observed a significant decline in the relative abundance of Cyp2R1 in the liver with aging (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.0077). Concurrent with the decrease in mRNA, a significant decline in hepatic CYP2R1 protein (one-way ANOVA for trend, P = 0.007) and 25(OH)D (one-way ANOVA for trend, P = 0.002) and in the ratio of 25(OH)D3 to cholecalciferol (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.0003). By contrast, levels of the transcripts encoding Cyp3a11, Cyp24a1, and Cyp27b1 megalin and cubilin were unchanged with aging. A significant positive correlation was found between Cyp2r1 mRNA and 25(OH)D, and a stronger correlation was found between Cyp2r1 mRNA and the ratio of 25(OH)D3 to cholecalciferol. These results indicate that decreased expression of CYP2R1 contributes to the reduced serum levels of 25(OH)D in aging.
Obesity is the leading proportional cause for diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Obesity occurs because the body stores surplus calories as fat. Fat cells secrete a hormone, leptin, that modulates energy balance at the brain. Changes in fat mass are mirrored by changes in serum leptin. Increases in leptin cause the brain to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure. However in obesity, leptin sensitivity is decreased which mutes leptin mediated changes in appetite and energy expenditure. We have limited understanding of what controls leptin production by fat or how sensitive the brain is to leptin. Muscle produces a hormone, myostatin, that plays an analogous role to the role that leptin plays in fat. Absent myostatin leads to increased muscle mass and strength. We also do not know what controls myostatin production or sensitivity. Although fat mass and muscle mass are closely linked, the interplay between leptin and myostatin remains unexplored. Vitamin D improves lean mass via what are thought to be primarily trophic effects at the muscle. Here we show that high dose dietary vitamin D preferentially allocates excess calories to muscle and growth instead of storage as fat by decreasing myostatin production and increasing leptin production and sensitivity. That is, high dose vitamin D improves organismal energy sensing. Obesity, aging and other chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with decreased muscle function and mass. Our work provides a physiologic framework for how high-dose vitamin D would be effective in these pathologies to increase allocation of calories to muscle instead of fat and reveals novel interplay between the myostatin and leptin signaling whereby myostatin conveys energy needs to modulate leptin effects on calorie allocation. Furthermore, our work reveals how physiologic seasonal variation in vitamin D may be important in controlling season-specific metabolism and calorie allocation to fat in winter and muscle in summer.
Képzelt nemközösségek: a nemzeti közömbösség mint elemzési kategória arácsonykor kiásattam édesapámmal néhány régi levelet a családi emlékek közül. A nagyapám, civilben New York-i zsidó taxisofőr, a II. világháborúban a német fronton harcolt az amerikai hadsereg katonájaként. Hetente írt haza nagyanyámnak, és azt reméltem, a levelei talán forrásul szolgálhatnak új kutatási témámhoz. Mindenesetre izgatott, hogy mit gondolt nagypapa a náci Németországról. De elég hamar csalódnom kellett. Leveleiben nagypapa hosszan bizonygatta aggódó "dundiká"-ja iránti olthatatlan szerelmét, melynek zálogaként selyemharisnyákat is ígért neki, a háborús Európa politikai állapotainak elemzésére viszont nem sok szót vesztegetett. A leveleit akár Brooklynból is írhatta volna Bajorország helyett. Egy fénykép az egyetlen bizonyíték rá, hogy egyáltalán Németországban járt, amelyen egy falnak dőlve látható a Rajna-vidéki, 446 lakosú Bubenheimben. A hátoldalra a következőt jegyezte: "Bubenheim, Németország. Bőség a pokol árnyékában."Vajon hidegen hagyták volna nagyapámat a körülötte zajló politikai drámák? Mivel nyolcéves koromban meghalt, ezt nem tudhatom. A levelei mindenesetre bogarat ültettek a fülembe, és a hatásukra elgondolkodtam a politikai közömbösségről és mindarról, amit a közömbösség a történész számára jelent. A kérdés főleg azon társadalomtörténészek számára támaszt kihívást, akik igyekeznek felszínre hozni az egyszerű emberek élettapasztalatait attól a meggyőződéstől vezetve, hogy ezekből fontos dolgokat tudhatunk meg * A tanulmány eredeti címe és megjelenési helye: Imagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis.
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