The genus Marasmius is distributed worldwide, along with a precise identification of this fungus as a pathogen on the Imperata cylindrical plant, although its bioactive role is not well understood. The current work was designed to examine the population of Marasmius palmivorus and its antagonistic patterns. Sequencing the ITS genetic region of this fungus occurs through verifying the cladistics nature, and taxonomic validity, in addition to studying the antagonistic potential of this fungus. M. palmivorus (MG717877.1) was recorded in this plant, which represents a new finding in Iraq mycobiota. Data from the sequence alignment were used to plot a phylogenetic tree, using the Neighbor-Joining method (NJ) in molecular evolutionary genetics analysis based on Mega 7. Phylogenetic trees show a close relationship of 99% between this strain of M. palmivorus (MG717877.1) and international strains. On the other hand, the maximum antagonistic effect of M. palmivorus has been found to act against Fusarium solani and F. thapsinum, and to a lesser degree against Penicillium sp., T. harzianum, and P. cyclopium after 6 to 8 days of incubation. Results confirm the precise nomination of this taxon is M. palmivorus, which may act as a bioherbicidal and could be used as bioagent against various phytopathogenic fungi.

Soil is the upper layer of the Earth's crust that has been altered by weathering, physical/chemical, and biological processes. It is made up of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms that are organised in genetic soil horizons. Different soils represent the effects of the various underlying factors in their formation, and as their physicochemical characteristics shift along different axes (surface and subsurface horizons), variability exists from site to site and within a given site in the range of micro niches. Such strange characteristics convert/transform soils into a composite of very diverse ecosystems, making its study difficult because very diverse communities can coexist in a very small scale of the same sample. Soil organisms involve macro/megafauna, mesofauna, and microfauna/flora, and despite accounting for less than 1% of the total mass of a soil, they play critical functional roles in maintaining the soil ecosystem. This study describes various approaches to structural and functional characterising key soil microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, plant growth promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizas, and nematodes.

Because of the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics, there is an urgent necessity to search for new antibiotics produced by Bacillus spp., which are characterized by their capability to produce secondary metabolites with high efficacy against numerous types of pathogenic bacteria. A total of 40 Bacillus isolates were isolated from the mouths of 150 volunteers from the Dental Health Center in Babylon and diagnosed based on phenotypic characteristics and biochemical and physiological reaction tests with a colorimetric reagent card using the VITEK2 analyzer. The active compounds were extracted from Bacillus megaterium L2 and their antibacterial activity was tested against a group of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was estimated, whereas 16 isolates showed high effectiveness against pathogenic bacteria, with the zone of inhibition ranging from 8-22 mm and the MIC ranging from 0.25–6.25 mg/ml. The active compounds were extracted, purified, and detected by Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The  cytotoxic activity of the extracts was studied using the MCF7 cell line. This showed that cytotoxicity effects on valid object count, nuclear morphology, and total nuclear intensity ranged from 17.245-441.24 and the cytotoxic effect on cell membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome C ranged from 49.04-601.79 Among the isolates, Bacillus megaterium L2(B9) was the best isolated strain of bacteria that was the most effective against anti-pathogenic bacterial strains- Gram positive (Staphylococcus pyogenes NCTC 8198 and St. aureus ATCC 29213) and gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW109, Escherichia  coli O157, and Salmonella typhi Ty2) and was non-toxic to human cells (MCF7).

Various molecular methods could be utilized in order to investigate botanical diversity. Arbitrary primed DNA, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and sequence-tagged simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are all briefly reviewed. DNA-based approaches have recently been proved to be useful for crucial tasks, like specimen identification and targeted screening for expected or known invaders, according to a recent study. Prior to more ambitious applications, as extensive surveys of complex environmental samples and propagule pressure prediction, could be conducted, considerable technological obstacles should be solved. The aim of the current review was to estimate the molecular techniques used for assessing the genetic diversity of plants. The degree of variation among the plant species based on genetics is described as the genetic diversity of plants, evaluating the possible value regarding the current invasive species monitoring methods.