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The main objective of this paper is to employ the artificial neural network (ANN) models for validating and predicting global solar radiation (GSR) on a horizontal surface of three Egyptian cities. The feedforward backpropagation ANNs are utilized based on two algorithms which are the basic backpropagation (Bp) and the Bp with momentum and learning rate coefficients respectively. The statistical indicators are used to investigate the performance of ANN models. According to these indicators, the results of the second algorithm are better than the other. Also, model (6) in this method has the lowest RMSE values for all cities in this study. The study indicated that the second method is the most suitable for predicting GSR on a horizontal surface of all cities in this work. Moreover, ANN-based model is an efficient method which has higher precision.

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Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a combination of wireless mobile nodes that exchanges information and dynamically form a network of self-configuring and selforganizing without any fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. MANETs is very important in the researches of the military and civilian applications. Routing is a major part in the success of any communication between these mobile nodes, therefor a routing protocols play an important role in finding an efficient and reliable route between mobile nodes from source to destination. This paper focuses on the performance analysis of these well-known routing protocols named DSR, AODV and OLSR and it evaluates the performance based on the rate of file transfer protocol (FTP) with (medium load) traffic and varying the number of nodes in a two different scenarios to assess the performance of each protocol and determine the best. In this work, the performance comparison between the AODV, DSR and OLSR routing protocol in terms of data dropped, end to end delay, throughput and routing overhead have been performed by using OPNET version 17.5 simulator. The simulation results showed that OLSR protocol is mainly more suitable for large dense networks. General termsMobile ad hoc network, routing protocols, Opnet simulator